Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bsc Physiology (Year 1) > The Endocrine System (part 3) > Flashcards

The Endocrine System (part 3) Flashcards

1
Q

state 2 functional facts about the Posterior Pituitary Gland

A
  1. does not synthesise hormones, only secretes them

2. secretes neuropeptides synthesised in the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

state 2 hormones the Posterior Pituitary Gland secretes, and their functions

A
  1. Oxytocin - involved in milk ejection reflex of nursing mothers and emotional bonding
  2. Vasopressin/ADH - involved in the regulation of water balance and osmolarity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is growth determined by?

A

growth is genetically determined, but environmental factors can influence growth (eg - nutrition, vitamins, minerals, exercise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

state 3 examples of hormones that play an important role in growth

A
  1. Growth hormone (GH) and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
  2. thyroid hormones
  3. insulin
  4. sex hormones (testosterone + oestrogen)
  5. cortisol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

state 3 functions of Growth Hormone (GH)

A
  1. secretion stimulated by exercise and this stimulates muscle release of IGF-1
  2. affects bone, muscle, adipose and liver growth and function
  3. stimulates protein synthesis
  4. major stimulus of post-natal growth
  5. stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

exercise is a major stimulus of GH secretion. state 2 facts facts to expand on this statement

A
  1. different types of exercise will induce different GH responses
  2. responses are higher in younger individuals compared to early middle aged men
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

state what 3 places that GH effects during exercise

A
  1. Gluconeogenesis (liver)
  2. adipose tissue
  3. tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

explain the effect GH has on gluconeogenesis during exercise (2 things)

A
  1. positive effect

2. increases rate of gluconeogenesis (non-carbohydrate sources –> glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

explain the effect GH has on adipose tissue during exercise (2 things)

A
  1. positive effect

2. triglyceride breakdown –> FFA + glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

explain the effect GH has on tissues during exercise (2 things)

A
  1. negative effect

2. blocks entry of glucose into tissue and increases FFA oxidation in the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

state the 2 main hormones used in response to stress, and where they are secreted from

A
  1. cortisol - adrenal cortex

2. epinephrine - adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

explain the 8 step response to stress

A
  1. neural input
  2. hypothalamus inc^ corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  3. inc^ plasma CHR (in hypothalamus-pituitary portal vessels)
  4. anterior pituitary inc^ adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  5. inc^ plasma ACTH
  6. adrenal cortex inc^ cortisol secretion
  7. inc^ plasma cortisol
  8. target cells for cortisol response due to inc^ cortisol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

state 3 physiological functions of cortisol - responses to chronic stress

A
  1. permits epinephrine/norepinephrine action on muscles + blood vessels
  2. promotes glucose synthesis in liver during LT fasting or exercising
  3. maintaining cellular conc^ of metabolic enzymes required to produce glucose + fatty acids between meals
  4. dec^ events associated with inflammatory response such as capillary permeability and production of prostaglandins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cortisol and exercise - state 1 fact about it

A

cortisol is a catabolic hormone, therefore will act in synergy with other hormones to increase the supply of energy to the working muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the fast response to stress?

A

catecholamine secretion - the fast response to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

explain the effects of ‘catecholamine secretion’ as the fast response to stress (4 facts)

A
  1. inc^ availability of energy (glucose/lipids) in the blood
  2. inc^ Hr, breathing frequency, + cell metabolism
  3. dilation of major blood vessels and constriction of peripheral capillaries
  4. pupil dilation
17
Q

what percentage of catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla is epinephrine?

A

80% of the catecholamine secreted from the adrenal medulla is epinephrine

18
Q

what is norepinephrine? and where is it usually released from?

A
  1. norepinephrine is a precursor of epinephrine, but is also a hormone in it’s own right
  2. released mainly by the adrenergic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system
19
Q

what do both epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to?

A

both bind to alpha/beta-adrenergic receptors at cell membranes. the receptor type will determine the response

20
Q

state the 2 main effects of norepinephrine

A
  1. inc^ HR + BP (beta 1)

2. peripheral vasoconstriction (alpha 1)

21
Q

state the 5 main effects of epinephrine

A
  1. inc^ HR + BP (beta 1)
  2. peripheral vasoconstriction (alpha 1)
  3. inc^ lipid breakdown (beta 2)
  4. coronary dialation, bronchial dialation (beta 2)
  5. glycogenolysis (beta 2)
22
Q

state and explain the 2 functions of the pancreas

A
  1. exocrine - secretion of pancreatic enzymes for food digestion in the duodenum
  2. endocrine - secretion of insulin and glucagon
23
Q

the endocrine function of the pancreas is accomplished by the islets if Langerhans. state the 5 cell types as well as their proportions

A
  1. alpha cells - 10%
  2. beta cells - 80%
  3. delta cells - 3-5%
  4. pancreatic polypeptide cells (F/PPC) - <2%
  5. epsilon cells - <1%
24
Q

state 2 functions of insulin

A
  1. inc^ glucose uptake + storage in adipose (lipogenesis) and muscle tissues (glycogenesis)
  2. inc^ glucose uptake + storage (glycogen) by liver and dec^ hepatic glucose production
  3. inc^ amino acid uptake and protein synthesis
  4. dec^ triglyceride breakdown (lipolysis) in adipose tissue
25
Q

state 2 functions of glucagon

A
  1. raises conc^ of glucose in the blood by promoting glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown)
  2. stimulate gluconeogenesis - the production of glucose form amino acids and glycerol in the liver
26
Q

state the names of the two main insulin sensitive peripheral tissues

A
  1. skeletal muscle

2. adipose tissue

27
Q

what does glucagon mainly act upon

A

the liver

28
Q

state the 4 step pathway of how insulin works to counteract raising blood glucose levels away from homeostasis

A
  1. high blood glucose conc^ detected by insulin releasing cells in the pancreas
  2. insulin releasing cells of pancreas stimulated to release insulin into the blood stream
  3. most body cells take up more glucose
  4. blood glucose levels decline to a set point; stimulus for insulin secretion diminishes and body returns to homeostasis
29
Q

state the 4 step pathway of how glucagon works to counteract decreasing blood glucose levels away from homeostasis

A
  1. low blood glucose levels detected by glucagon-releasing cells of the pancreas
  2. glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas stimulated to release glucagon into the blood; targets liver
  3. liver breaks down glycogen stores into glucose and releases into blood stream
  4. blood glucose levels rise to a set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes as body returns to homeostasis
30
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - glycogenolysis

A

glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose

31
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - gluconeogenesis

A

gluconeogenesis is the metabolic process by which organisms produce sugars for catabolic reactions from non-carbohydrate sources

32
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - glycogenesis

A

glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from sugars

33
Q

state 2 facts about type 1 diabetes

A
  1. caused by destruction of beta cells on the pancreas

2. no insulin is secreted

34
Q

state 4 facts about type 2 diabetes

A
  1. environmental factors caused it
  2. obesity a risk factor of type 2 diabetes
  3. insulin secretion is normal, but it’s action is impaired
  4. adipose and muscle cells do not respond to the action of insulin (insulin resistance)

Bsc Physiology (Year 1) (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions