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Bsc Physiology (Year 1) > Immune System - Part 2 (week 7) > Flashcards

Immune System - Part 2 (week 7) Flashcards

1
Q

state 3 facts about the innate immune system

A
  1. first line of defence
  2. responds in the same way to all pathogens
  3. fast acting (0-3 days)
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2
Q

state 4 facts about the adaptive immune system

A
  1. second line of defence
  2. specific response to specific pathogens
  3. slow acting (0-23 days)
  4. self + non-self recognised
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3
Q

state the names of the two types of immunity

A
  1. soluble immunity (chemical)

2. cellular immunity

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4
Q

state the names of the 4 lines of defence in the innate immune system

A
  1. structural/physical barriers
  2. chemical/physiological barriers
  3. phagocytic barriers
  4. inflammatory barriers
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5
Q

state some examples of structural/physical barriers

A

skin, mucosal membranes, cilia epithelial cells

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6
Q

state some examples of chemical/physiological barriers

A

pH of skin, pH of stomach acid, normal body temp (37.4’c), fever response (inc^ temp)

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7
Q

explain how ‘phagocytic barriers’ work - in simple terms

A

phagocytes recognise specific patterns, have a ‘Pattern Recognition Receptor’ on their CSM that can recognise ‘Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns’ (PAMPs) on pathogen’s CSM

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8
Q

state some examples of inflammatory barriers

A

C-RP, INF-y, TNF-α

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9
Q

all blood cells stem from what type of cell?

A

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

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10
Q

hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) divide to form what two types of cells?

A
  1. common lymphoid progenitor cell (CLP) - left

2. common myeloid progenitor cell (CMP) - right

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11
Q

common myelinated progenitor cells divide to form what two types of cells?

A
  1. granulite macrophage progenitor cell (GMP) - left

2. megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell (MEP) - right

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12
Q

are granulite macrophage cells (GMP), and their derivatives, part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

A

innate

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13
Q

granulite macrophage cells (GMP) divide into what two cell groups?

A
  1. granulocytes (innate)

2. macrophages (innate)

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14
Q

state the three types of granulocytes

A
  1. neutrophils (innate)
  2. eosinophils (innate)
  3. basophils (innate)
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15
Q

megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cells (MEP) divide to form what two cell types?

A
  1. platelets

2. erythrocytes

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16
Q

what cell type bridges the gap between the right and left side of the immune cell diagram

A

dendritic cells (innate)

17
Q

common lymphoid progenitor cells (CLP) divide to form what type of cells

A

lymphocytes

18
Q

state the names of the three types of lymphocytes, and which immune system they are part of

A 
B cells (adaptive)
T cells (adaptive)
NK cells (innate)
19
Q

state what it is meant by - CD (eg - CD4 cells)

A

CD = cluster of differentiation

20
Q

state what it is meant by - BCR

A

BCR = B cell receptor. it can recognise soluble antigens

21
Q

state what it is meant by - TCR

A

TCR = T cell receptor. it does NOT recognise soluble antigens

22
Q

what does FC stand for?

A

fragment crystallizable region

23
Q

what is the function of an FC receptor?

A

FC receptors can recognise the FC region of an antibody

24
Q

what cells in the immune system have FC receptors?

A

NK cells

Macrophages

25
Q

what do all body cells express on their CSM?

A

major histocompatibility complex 1 (MHC-1)

26
Q

what do cancer cells do to MHC-1?

A

cancer cells down regulate MHC-1

27
Q

how do NK cells respond to cancer cells? (2 points)

A
  1. know how many MHC-1 molecules should be on a normal body cells CSM
  2. kill them by releasing toxins
28
Q

state the names of the two toxins NK cells usually release

A
  1. Perforin - punches holes in CSM

2. granzymes - proteases that digest cell contents

29
Q

state the effect of the toxin - Perforin

A

Perforin punches holes in the CSM of cells

30
Q

state the function of the toxin - Granzymes

A

Granzymes are proteases which digest the contents of cells

31
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - lymphocytopenia

A

condition of having an abnormally low level of lymphocytes in the blood

32
Q

what do lymphocytes express on their CSM?

A

beta-2 adrenergic receptors

33
Q

what are the two effects of lymphocytes expressing beta-2 adrenergic receptors on their CSM

A
  1. cause them to mobilise into the blood

2. cause them to down regulate adhesion molecules to vessel walls (in some cases)

34
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - leukocytosis

A

white blood cell count is above the normal range in the blood. It is sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumors as well as leukemia

35
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - lymphocytosis

A

Lymphocytosis is a higher-than-normal amount of lymphocytes in the blood

36
Q

what is it meant by sIgA

A

secretory IgA

37
Q

state the ‘3 pillars’ of exercise immunology

A
  1. people think they become unwell post-exercise but few actually are
  2. blood samples show rise in conc^ in blood post exercise, then lower than normal levels, then return to normal conc^
  3. sIgA is low following bouts of exercise (flawed experiments, ignore key variables)
38
Q

why do people usually become ill after exercise?

A

being in large groups (especially respiratory droplets)

39
Q

explain the marathon study on exercise immunology (4 points)

A
  1. recruited racers + drop outs due to injury for control
  2. control lived in same house as participants
  3. 1/3 claimed illness post, lab confirmed 1/3 of the 1/3
  4. few control fell ill

Bsc Physiology (Year 1) (34 decks)

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