Immune System - Part 2 (week 7) Flashcards
state 3 facts about the innate immune system
- first line of defence
- responds in the same way to all pathogens
- fast acting (0-3 days)
state 4 facts about the adaptive immune system
- second line of defence
- specific response to specific pathogens
- slow acting (0-23 days)
- self + non-self recognised
state the names of the two types of immunity
- soluble immunity (chemical)
2. cellular immunity
state the names of the 4 lines of defence in the innate immune system
- structural/physical barriers
- chemical/physiological barriers
- phagocytic barriers
- inflammatory barriers
state some examples of structural/physical barriers
skin, mucosal membranes, cilia epithelial cells
state some examples of chemical/physiological barriers
pH of skin, pH of stomach acid, normal body temp (37.4’c), fever response (inc^ temp)
explain how ‘phagocytic barriers’ work - in simple terms
phagocytes recognise specific patterns, have a ‘Pattern Recognition Receptor’ on their CSM that can recognise ‘Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns’ (PAMPs) on pathogen’s CSM
state some examples of inflammatory barriers
C-RP, INF-y, TNF-α
all blood cells stem from what type of cell?
hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) divide to form what two types of cells?
- common lymphoid progenitor cell (CLP) - left
2. common myeloid progenitor cell (CMP) - right
common myelinated progenitor cells divide to form what two types of cells?
- granulite macrophage progenitor cell (GMP) - left
2. megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell (MEP) - right
are granulite macrophage cells (GMP), and their derivatives, part of the innate or adaptive immune system?
innate
granulite macrophage cells (GMP) divide into what two cell groups?
- granulocytes (innate)
2. macrophages (innate)
state the three types of granulocytes
- neutrophils (innate)
- eosinophils (innate)
- basophils (innate)
megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cells (MEP) divide to form what two cell types?
- platelets
2. erythrocytes
what cell type bridges the gap between the right and left side of the immune cell diagram
dendritic cells (innate)
common lymphoid progenitor cells (CLP) divide to form what type of cells
lymphocytes
state the names of the three types of lymphocytes, and which immune system they are part of
B cells (adaptive) T cells (adaptive) NK cells (innate)
state what it is meant by - CD (eg - CD4 cells)
CD = cluster of differentiation
state what it is meant by - BCR
BCR = B cell receptor. it can recognise soluble antigens
state what it is meant by - TCR
TCR = T cell receptor. it does NOT recognise soluble antigens
what does FC stand for?
fragment crystallizable region
what is the function of an FC receptor?
FC receptors can recognise the FC region of an antibody
what cells in the immune system have FC receptors?
NK cells
Macrophages
what do all body cells express on their CSM?
major histocompatibility complex 1 (MHC-1)
what do cancer cells do to MHC-1?
cancer cells down regulate MHC-1
how do NK cells respond to cancer cells? (2 points)
- know how many MHC-1 molecules should be on a normal body cells CSM
- kill them by releasing toxins
state the names of the two toxins NK cells usually release
- Perforin - punches holes in CSM
2. granzymes - proteases that digest cell contents
state the effect of the toxin - Perforin
Perforin punches holes in the CSM of cells
state the function of the toxin - Granzymes
Granzymes are proteases which digest the contents of cells
state what it is meant by the key term - lymphocytopenia
condition of having an abnormally low level of lymphocytes in the blood
what do lymphocytes express on their CSM?
beta-2 adrenergic receptors
what are the two effects of lymphocytes expressing beta-2 adrenergic receptors on their CSM
- cause them to mobilise into the blood
2. cause them to down regulate adhesion molecules to vessel walls (in some cases)
state what it is meant by the key term - leukocytosis
white blood cell count is above the normal range in the blood. It is sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumors as well as leukemia
state what it is meant by the key term - lymphocytosis
Lymphocytosis is a higher-than-normal amount of lymphocytes in the blood
what is it meant by sIgA
secretory IgA
state the ‘3 pillars’ of exercise immunology
- people think they become unwell post-exercise but few actually are
- blood samples show rise in conc^ in blood post exercise, then lower than normal levels, then return to normal conc^
- sIgA is low following bouts of exercise (flawed experiments, ignore key variables)
why do people usually become ill after exercise?
being in large groups (especially respiratory droplets)
explain the marathon study on exercise immunology (4 points)
- recruited racers + drop outs due to injury for control
- control lived in same house as participants
- 1/3 claimed illness post, lab confirmed 1/3 of the 1/3
- few control fell ill
