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Bsc Physiology (Year 1) > The Nervous System (1) > Flashcards

The Nervous System (1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the CNS composed of ?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

what is the PNS composed of ?

A

the PNS is composed of nerves that connect the CNS with glands and sense organs

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3
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - neurotransmitters

A

neurotransmitters are chemical transmitters released from neurones in response to chemical signals

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4
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - cell process

A

the cell process are the long exertions that connect neurones to each other

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5
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - cell body

A

also called the ‘soma’, contains a nucleus and ribosomes for protein synthesis

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6
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - dendrites

A

dendrites are branched outgrowths which receive inputs

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7
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - dendritic spines

A

dendritic spines are knob-link outgrowths that increase the surface area of dendrites, and contain ribosomes

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8
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - axon

A

sometimes called the ‘nerve fiber’, is a long process extending from the ‘soma’ that carries output to target cells

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9
Q

what lengths can an axon range between ?

A

um to > 1 m

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10
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - initial segment

A

the initial segment is then ‘trigger zone’ of the nerve fiber

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11
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - axon collateral

A

the axon collateral is the structure that can carry signals ‘sideways’

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12
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - axon terminal

A

the axon terminal establishes synaptic contact with another structure

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13
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - varicosities

A

varicosities are bulging areas where the signal can be released from

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14
Q

neurones are wrapped in myelin, which is what ?

A

myelin is a 20 - 200 layers of modified plasma membranes

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15
Q

what is myelin made out of, in what two locations ?

A
  1. CNS - oligodendrocytes

2. PNS - Schwann cells

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16
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - axonal transport

A

to maintain structure and function, organelles must move > 1 m between the soma and the axon terminals - axonal transport

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17
Q

state, and explain, what the 3 functional classes of neurones are

A
  1. afferent neurones - convey information from tissue/organs to the CNS
  2. efferent neurones - convey information away from the CNS to effector cells
  3. interneurones - convey information within the CNS
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18
Q

explain the location of ‘afferent neurones’ (2 points)

A
  1. cell body and the long peripheral process of the axon are in the PNS
  2. only the short central process of the axon enters the CNS
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19
Q

explain the location of ‘efferent neurones’ (2 points)

A
  1. cell body, dendrites and a small segment of the axon are in the CNS
  2. most of the axon is in the PNS
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20
Q

state 4 facts about interneurones

A
  1. function as integrators and signal changers
  2. integrate groups of afferent and efferent neurones into reflex circuits
  3. lie entirely within the CNS
  4. account for > 99 % of all the body’s neurones
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21
Q

what percentage of the CNS is made out of neurones, and what takes up the other 90 % ?

A
  1. Neurones = 10%

2. Glial cells = 90%

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22
Q

what percentage of the CNS space do neurones take up, and why ?

A

because neurones branch extensively, they occupy about 50% of the space within the CNS

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23
Q

what is the function of glial cells ?

A

glial cells surround the soma, axon, dendrites and provide physical and metabolic support to neurones

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24
Q

state the 2 functions of - Astrocytes

A
  1. regulate extracellular fluid by removing potassium and neurotransmitters
  2. stimulate epithelial cells to form junctions (blood-brain barrier)
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25
Q

state the function of - Micro-Glial cells

A

specialised macrophage like cells

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26
Q

state the function of - Ependymal cells

A

sit within fluid filled cavities, regulate the flow of cerebrospinal fluid

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27
Q

what are the two sub-divisions of the PNS ?

A

the Afferent division and the Efferent division

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28
Q

what is the Afferent Division of the PNS made up of ?

A
  1. somatic sensory
  2. visceral sensory
  3. special sensory
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29
Q

what is the Efferent Division of the PNS made up of ?

A
  1. somatic motor

2. autonomic motor (sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric)

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30
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Pathway/Tract

A

a group of neurones travelling together in the CNS is called a Pathway/Tract

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31
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Commissure

A

if a group of axons link the L+R sides of the CNS, it’s called a commissure

32
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Ganglia

A

the cell bodies of neurones with similar functions within the PNS are called Ganglia

33
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Nuclei

A

the cell bodies of neurones within the CNS are called Nuclei

34
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - a nerve

A

a group of many axons travelling together to and from the same general location in the PNS in called a nerve

35
Q

are there nerves within the CNS ?

A

there are NO nerves within the PNS

36
Q

the brain contains 4 interconnected cavities which are filled with what ?

A

cerebral ventricles

37
Q

what is the largest component of the forebrain, and what does it consist of ?

A

the Cerebrum, and it consists of the L+R hemispheres

38
Q

what is the central core of the forebrain ?

A

the central core of the forebrain is the Diencephalon

39
Q

the cerebral hemispheres consist of what ?

A

the Cerebral Cortex (an outer shell of grey matter, giving the brain its grey appearance)

40
Q

the inner cerebral cortex is what ?

A

the inner cerebral cortex is a layer of white matter (mainly myelinated fiber tracts)

41
Q

what is within the grey matter, and what is the function of it ?

A
  1. subcortical nuclei

2. play an important role in movement/posture (basal nuclei most prominent)

42
Q

each cortex is separated by a deep longitudinal division, but is connected by what ?

A

the ‘Corpus Collosum’

43
Q

state the names, and function, of the two cell types in the cerebral cortex

A
  1. Pyramidal cells - major output

2. Non-Pyramidal cells - major input

44
Q

the cerebral cortex is the integrating centre of the CNS. state 2 facts to support that statement

A
  1. basic afferent information is processed into meaningful perceptual images
  2. control over the systems that govern the movement of the skeletal muscle is refined
45
Q

the Diencephalon (part of the forebrain) consists of what 3 structures ?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
46
Q

state 4 facts about the Thalamus

A
  1. a collection of several large nuclei
  2. play a role in general arousal
  3. controlling movement/posture
  4. focussing attention
47
Q

state 2 facts about the Hypothalamus

A
  1. only 1% of total brain mass

2. homeostatic regulation of the internal environment

48
Q

state 1 fact about the Epithalamus

A

controls biological rhythms (via the pineal gland)

49
Q

state what 2 things the Hypothalamus controls

A
  1. behaviours having to do with the preservation of the individual
  2. behaviours having to do with the preservation of the species
50
Q

what structure does the hypothalamus lie directly above ?

A

the hypothalamus lies directly above the pituitary gland - an important endocrine structure that the hypothalamus regulates

51
Q

what is the main function of the Cerebellum ?

A

does not initiate voluntary movements, an important centre for the co-ordination of movements, and controlling posture and balance

52
Q

where does the Cerebellum receive input from ?

A

receives information from the muscles and joints, skin, eyes, ears and the parts in the brain involved in the control of movements

53
Q

what very important structure is within the Brainstem ?

A

within the Brainstem is the ‘Reticular Formation’ - the only part of the brain absolutely essential for human life

54
Q

the brainstem receives and integrates information from all regions of the CNS and is involved within what 3 functions ?

A
  1. motor functions
  2. cardio-vascular and respiratory control, and swallowing
  3. regulates sleep, wakefulness, attention and eye movement
55
Q

what bone structures protect the CNS ?

A

Cranium (brain) and Vertebrae (spinal cord)

56
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Meninges

A

Meninges are the membranes that line the structures and add additional support and protection

57
Q

what are the 3 Meninge structures ?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
58
Q

state the 4 functions of the Meninges

A
  1. to cover and protect the CNS
  2. to protect blood vessels and enclose the venous sinuses
  3. contain cerebrospinal fluid
  4. from partitions in the skull
59
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protects and cushions the structures within the CNS (made by the choroid plexus)

60
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Blood-Brain Barrier

A

the blood-brain barrier is a protective mechanism that hooks maintain a stable environment for the brain

61
Q

state 2 additional facts about the blood-brain barrier

A
  1. these capillaries are the least permeable in the body; a very selective barrier
  2. substances that are highly lipid-soluble cross easily
62
Q

what are descending and ascending tracts ?

A
  1. ascending tracts transmit information to the Brian

2. descending tracts relay information from the Brain to the spinal cord

63
Q

grey matter is composed of what 4 structures ?

A
  1. interneuroens
  2. cell bodies
  3. entering axons of afferent neurones
  4. glial cells
64
Q

what are Dorsal Horns and Ventral Horns ?

A
  1. grey matter projecting towards the back of the body = Dorsal Horns
  2. grey matter oriented towards the front = Ventral Horns
65
Q

what matter surrounds what, and consists of what ?

A

white matter surrounds grey matter and consists of myelinated axons

66
Q

what can peripheral nerves contain ?

A

peripheral nerves can contain nerve fibres that are the axons of efferent neurones, afferent neurones, or both

67
Q

state 3 facts about the Somatic NS

A
  1. consist of a single neurone between the CNS and skeletal muscle cells
  2. Innervates skeletal muscles
  3. can only lead to muscle excitation
68
Q

state 3 facts about the Autonomic NS

A
  1. has a two-neurone chain (connected by a synapse) between the CNS and the effector organ
  2. innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and GI neurones
  3. can be excitatory or inhibitory
69
Q

what is the Enteric NS

A

the Enteric NS is a sub-division of the Autonomic NS, that innervates the neurones in the GI tract

70
Q

explain the structure of the Autonomic NS (5 structures)

A
  1. CNS
  2. pre-ganglionic fiber
  3. ganglion
  4. post-ganglionic fiber
  5. smooth/cardiac muscle, glands, GI neurones
71
Q

where do sympathetic neurones and parasympathetic neurones exit the CNS from ?

A

SNS - leave CNS from Thoracic and Lumbar vertebrae

PNS - leave the CNS from the Brainstem and the Sarcal vertebrae

72
Q

what is the location of the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia ?

A

SG - close to the spinal cord (sympathetic trunks)

PG - within, or close to, the organs they innervate

73
Q

what does the Sympathetic NS usually respond to ?

A

a single unit

74
Q

what does the Parasympathetic NS usually respond to B

A

tends to activate specific organs in a pattern finely tailored to each physiological situation

75
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - dual innervation

A

some tissues can be activated by both the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems - dual innervation

76
Q

if the sympathetic NS is ‘Fight or Flight’, then what is the Parasympathetic NS ?

A

‘Rest or Digest’ - homeostatic processes that are predominant

Bsc Physiology (Year 1) (34 decks)

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