The Respiratory System SEM1

Question 1

What respiratory sturctures make up the conducting zone

Answer 1

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

Question 2

What respiratory structures make up the transitional and respiratory zones

Answer 2

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

Question 3

What is the role of goblet cells in the lungs

Answer 3

Produce mucus in the lungs

Question 4

What are the types of alveolar cells

Answer 4

Type I pneumocyte
Type II pneumocyte

Question 5

What is the role of the conducting airways

Answer 5

Air conditioning function: warming, filtering and humidifying

Question 6

What are the mechanisms of inspiration

Answer 6

Diaphgram contraction
Intercostal muscle contraction

Question 7

What is the underlying mechanism of expiration

Answer 7

Alveolar pressure becomes higher than the atmospheric pressure which drives air out of the alveoli

Question 8

What is elastic recoil

Answer 8

Rebound of the lungs after having been stretched by inhalation

Question 9

What are the elastic properties of the tissue of the lungs

Answer 9

Collagen and elastin

Question 10

What does type II pneuomocyte produce

Answer 10

Produces surfactant

Question 11

What are the units of pressure (atmospheric pressure)

Answer 11

KPa

Question 12

What is the transport of oxygen

Answer 12

O2 diffuses into blood at respiratory surface, then transported in the blood, then diffuses into the tissue

Question 13

What is the normal value that O2 that haemoglobin can carry

Answer 13

1.39ml O2 per g Hb

Question 14

What is the transport of CO2

Answer 14

CO2 diffuses into the blood from tissues, transported in blood, diffuses across the respiratory surface and liberated into environment

Question 15

What is a result of deoxygenated blood at the tissues

Answer 15

Able to take up more CO2

Question 16

What is the result of oxygenation of blood in the lung

Answer 16

Assists unloading of CO2 from blood

Question 17

What is hypoventilation

Answer 17

Lower than normal volumes of fresh air entering alveoli

Question 18

What causes an increased resistance in alveolar ventilation

Answer 18

Can be due to:
Accumulation of mucus in upper airways in response to infection/allergy or inflammation of bronchial tubes

Question 19

What can cause hypoventilation

Answer 19

Decreased lung compliance
Increased resistance
CNS depression

Question 20

What are pathological changes that adversely affect gas exchange

Answer 20

Decrease in alveolar surface area (amphysema)
Inc. in thickness of alveolar-capillary exchange barrier (fibrotic lung disease)
Inc. in diffusion distance between alveolar space and blood (pulmonary edema)

Question 21

What is the role of slowly adapting receptors (SARs, stretch receptors)

Answer 21

Prevent over inflation

Question 22

What is the role of rapidly adapting receptors (RARs, irritant receptors)

Answer 22

Respond to noxious stimuli

Question 23

What is the role of J receptors

Answer 23

Respond to increased alveolar fluid, pulmonary congestion, inflammatory mediators - all associated with lung disease

Question 24

Where are central chemoreptors located

Answer 24

In the medulla in the brain stem