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BIOMED > Intergrative Sensory System SEM2 > Flashcards

Intergrative Sensory System SEM2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different sensory systems

A

External environment - vision, hearing, taste, smell
Position and movement - balance
Interoceptors - visceral mechanical, thermal + chemical detection

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2
Q

What are characteristics of bipolar sensory neurones

A

Cell body in dorsal root ganglia
Peripheral terminals in dermis/epidermis
Central terminals in dorsal horn of spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the types of mechanosensors for touch, vibration, stretch and pressure

A

Specialised sensory endings - myelinated A β axons for fast conduction of sensory signals

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4
Q

What is the type of mechanosensor for pinches, high pressure and trauma

A

Bare nerve endings - thinly myelinated for faster transmission of pain

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5
Q

What do pacinian corpuscles detect

A

Detect vibrations and deep pressure

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6
Q

What is the role of thermal sensors in skin

A

Distinct sensors for different temperature ranges
Innocuous and noxious ranges covered

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7
Q

How do touch pathways ascend

A

Ascend in ipsilateral dorsal column

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8
Q

Where are touch pathways relayed at

A

Relayed at cuneate/gracile nuclei in medulla

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9
Q

Where do touch pathways cross over into

A

Cross over into the medial lemniscus

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10
Q

Where are touch pathways relayed in following being crossed over into the medial lemniscus

A

Relayed into thalamus and projected to SI cortex

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11
Q

Where do pain pathways cross over into

A

Cross over in the spinal cord

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12
Q

Where do pain pathways ascend in

A

Ascend in contralateral ventrolateral column (spinothalamic tract)

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13
Q

Where are pain pathways relayed in

A

Relayed in thalamus and projected to SI cortex

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14
Q

What does stretching of a muscle spindle drive

A

Drives excitatory input to same muscle to contract and inhibits input to opposing muscle

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15
Q

What is the visual pathway

A

Projection via lateral geniculate nuclei to visual cortex (occipital lobe)

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16
Q

What are V1 cells in visual information processing

A

V1 cells are retinotopic and binocular and important to initial stages of visual processing

17
Q

What causes the movement of the basilar membrane

A

Inside the cochlea sound waves causes the fluid to move which vibrates the basilar membrane and can respond to different frequencies

18
Q

What is the auditory pathway

A

Largely crossover in the lower brain stem
Projects to inferior colliculus then medial geniculate nucleus and to auditory cortex A1 (temporal lobe)

19
Q

What does fluid movement in auditory/sensory transduction cause

A

Fluid movement induced stretch of link fibres opens K+ channels causing depolarisation

20
Q

What does the vestibulo-oculomotor reflex do

A

Maintains direction of gaze during head rotation

21
Q

What does the righting reflex do

A

Maintains balance during tilt-induced activity in muscles

22
Q

What is touch processed through

A

The dorsal column tract

23
Q

What is pain processed through

A

Ventral spinothalamic tract

24
Q

What does lesions at the forebrain level cause

A

Contralateral paralysis in the limbs

25
Q

What does lesions at the spinal cord level cause

A

Ipsilateral paralysis in the limbs

26
Q

What are the three regions of the motor cortex

A

Primary motor
Premotor
Supplementary motor area (SMA)

27
Q

What does the motor cortex evoke

A

Evokes muscle contraction directly through the control of lower motor neurones and alters strength of spinal reflexes

28
Q

What is the premotor area involved in

A

Involved in postural preparation for movement

29
Q

What is the supplementary motor area (SMA) involved in

A

Involved in planning co-ordinated movements

30
Q

What are properties of the corticospinal tract

A

Controls voluntary movement
Projects through internal capsule in midbrain
Controls contralateral lower motor neurons in ventral spinal cord

31
Q

What are the effects of a stroke

A

Occurs near the internal capsule lesioning one or both corticospinal tracts
Causes impairment of voluntary movement with increased muscle tone - spasticity

32
Q

What does the pyramidal pathway control

A

Controls fine/purposeful movement

33
Q

What tract is used for the pyramidal pathway

A

Corticospinal tract from motor cortex which descends through the brainstem into the spinal cord

34
Q

What is the purpose of the extrapyramidal pathway

A

Achieves refelx adjustments of posture/balance
Modulates muscle tone
Delivers coordinated movement

35
Q

What is the pathway of the extrapyramidal pathway

A

Indirect pathway relaying in the brain stem and regulated by feedback loops from basal ganglia and cerebellum

36
Q

How is the basal ganglia involved in a feedback loop

A

Forms feedback loop to cerebral cortex to adjust motor output

37
Q

What is the core region of basal ganglia controlled by

A

The striatum (core region) is controlled by dopamine (DA) contraning neurons that project from substantia nigra

BIOMED (24 decks)

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