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BIOMED > Endocrine System SEM1 > Flashcards

Endocrine System SEM1 Flashcards

1
Q

How do hormones travel to get to target cells

A

Hormones travel via bloodstream

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2
Q

What are neuroendocrine hormones

A

Neural cells that release chemical signals into the bloodstream

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3
Q

Where are releasing hormones released from and what do they act on

A

Released from hypothalamus and act on the pituitary gland

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4
Q

Where are stimulating hormones released from and what do they act on

A

From pituitary to act on another endocrine gland

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5
Q

Where are non-tropic hormones released from

A

From endocrine gland to the target cells

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6
Q

What does the hypothalamus release

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

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7
Q

What does the anterior pituitary release

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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8
Q

What does the thyroid release

A

Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

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9
Q

Where are amino hormones derived from

A

Derived from tyrosine

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10
Q

What hormones are encoded in genes

A

Peptide and protein hormones

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11
Q

Where are steroid hormones derived from

A

Derived from cholesterol

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12
Q

What are properties of protein and polypeptide hormones

A

Stored in secretory granules and released on stimulation
Ca++ dependent event - exocytosis
Hydrophilic - cannot freely cross membranes

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13
Q

What are properties of steroid hormones

A

Steroids are lipophilic molecules that freely cross membranes
Steroids are not stored but released as made
Travel in blood

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14
Q

What changes can second messengers create

A

Phenotypic changes in target cell

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15
Q

What are the phenotypic changes second messengers create in target cells

A

Alter phosphorylation of proteins
Alter permeability of membranes

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16
Q

What does hormone binding receptors being internalised result in

A

Results in reduced responsiveness of target cell and receptor may be recycled to cell surface or degraded

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17
Q

What are intracellular receptors

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones and act via intracellular receptors

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18
Q

How does the hormone-receptor (HR) complex interact with DNA

A

Interacts directly with DNA in chromatin fibre at the promoter of specific genes

19
Q

How does the hormone-receptor (H-R) complex act

A

Acts as a transcription factor to enhance (or decrease) rate of transcription

20
Q

What do the physiological effects of hormones depend on

A

Depend on their concentration in blood and extracellular fluid

21
Q

What are the three factors which determine the concentration of hormones as seen by the target cells

A

Rate of production
Rate of delivery
Rate of degradation and elimination

22
Q

What can cause for abnormal production or function of hormones

A

Genetic diseases
Autoimmune diseases
Gene mutations

23
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete

A

Secretes trophic hormones that influence activity of target glands and tissue

24
Q

Where is the thyroid located

A

Anterior to the trachea
Inferior to the larynx

25
Q

How are Tri-iodothryonine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) synthesised

A

Synthesised by follicular cells by iodination of throsine

26
Q

How are Tri-iodothryonine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) stored

A

Stored extracellularly in follicular colloid on surface of thyroglobulin molecules

27
Q

What are the actions of thyroid hormones

A

Metabolic effects
Physiological effects
Reproductive effects
Developmental effects
Cellular effects

28
Q

What are the metabolic effects of thyroid hormones

A

Heat production
Glucose production
Protein synthesis
Lipid metabolism

29
Q

What are the physiological effects of thyroid hormones

A

Stimulation of heart rate
Mental activity
Red blood cell production
Appetite
Gut motility

30
Q

What are the reproductive effects of thyroid hormones

A

Female fertility
Maintenance of milk secretion
Onset of puberty

31
Q

What are the developmental effects of thyroid hormones

A

Normal brain development

32
Q

What are the cellular effects of thyroid hormones

A

RNA synthesis
Na+/K+ dependent ATPase activity
Amino acid transport into responsive cells

33
Q

How does hypothyroidism occur

A

Lack of thyroid hormones either because of the thyroid (primary) or from lack of stimulation by TSH (secondary)

34
Q

How does hyperthyroidism occur

A

Over activity of the gland

35
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland secrete

A

Secretes oxytocin and vasopressin

36
Q

What is the role of osmoreceptors

A

Send signals to the neuroendocrine cell in the hypothalamus that make vasopressin when plasma osmolality exceeds the threshold => increase vasopressin secretion

37
Q

What factors can cause the stimulation of vasopressin secretion

A

High osmolality
Low blood volume
Low blood pressure
Angiotensin
Nicotine
Nausea

38
Q

What factors can cause the inhibition of vasopressin secretion

A

Low osmolality
High blood volume
High blood pressure
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Alcohol

39
Q

What is diabetes insipidus

A

Inability to secrete or respond to vasopressin

40
Q

What does it mean to be nephrogenic

A

Kidneys do not respond to ADH

41
Q

What is the role of oxytocin

A

Stimulates contraction of myopithelial cells in mammary glands to cause milk ejection

42
Q

What is endocrine tissue called

A

Pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans

43
Q

What are the secratory cells of the pineal gland called and what does the gland secrete

A

Secretory cells = pinealocytes
Releases melatonin

BIOMED (24 decks)

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