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BIOMED > Cardiovascular System SEM2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System SEM2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does high blood pressure (hypertension) increase the risk of

A

Stroke
Heart attack
Aortic aneurysm
Kidney disease
Dementia

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2
Q

What is normal blood pressure compared to hypertension

A

Normal = 120/80 mmHg
Hypertension = 140/90 mmHg

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3
Q

What is systolic blood pressure (SBP)

A

Left ventricle contracting

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4
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

A

Left ventricle refilling

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5
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output

A

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

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6
Q

What is filling time

A

The duration of ventricular diastole during which filling occurs

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7
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume

A

SV= end-diastolic volume (full EDV) - end-systolic volume (empt ESV)
SV= EDV - ESV

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8
Q

What does stroke volume depend on

A

Contractility - force of contraction
End diastolic volume

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9
Q

What is preload in starlings law of the heart

A

Preload is the initial stretching of the cardiomyocyte sarcomeres during filling (just before contraction)

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10
Q

What is the consequence of cardiomyocytes stretching more

A

Incudes greater contraction force - elastic recoil

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11
Q

What are the effects of hypertension on arteries

A

Induces remodelling and stiffening of arteries
Loss of elasticity

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12
Q

What is Ohm’s law applied to fluid flow

A

Flow (Q) = to the pressure gradient (delta P) / by resistance (R)

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13
Q

What causes constriction of arteries and arterioles

A

Ca2+ signalling in vascular smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

What causes dilation of arteries and arterioles

A

Reduced Ca2+ signalling in vascular smooth muscle cells

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15
Q

What does healthy endothelium regulate

A

Vessel tone
Movement of fluid into tissue
Leukocyte adhesion
platelet aggregation

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16
Q

What are the three layers the wall of the heart is composed of

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

17
Q

What does the epicardium consist of

A

Simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium

18
Q

What does the myocardium consist of

A

Consists of cardiac muscle cells - muscle layer of the heart

19
Q

What does the endocardium consist of

A

Layer of endothelial cells in contact with the blood in the chambers of the heart

20
Q

What valves prevent blood flowing back into the ventricle

A

Mitral and tricuspid valves (AV valves)

21
Q

What valves prevent blood flowing back from the ventricle from the aorta and main pulmonary artery

A

The aortic and pulmonary valves - both are semilunar valves

22
Q

What is a feature of cardiac muscles and its relation to its contraction

A

Cardiac muscles are striated - only contract along their long axis

23
Q

What are properties of cardiac myocytes

A

Short with single nucleus
Held together by intercalated disks
Cells often branch
Cells held together by adherens junctions

24
Q

What are muscle fibres surrounded by

A

Sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane)

25
Q

What is the triad

A

The region that consists of a t-tubule with sarcoplasmic reticulum on either side

26
Q

What is the role of coronary arteries

A

An extensive network ensuring oxygen supply

27
Q

What are the names of the 3 layer structure present in all blood vessels (except capillaries)

A

Intima
Media
Adventitia

28
Q

How is the pacemaker of the heart formed/initiated by

A

Cardiac muscle is myogenic -> generates its own action potentials spontaneously at the sino atrial (SA) node

29
Q

What does skeletal muscle require by being neurogenic

A

Requires nerve impulse in order to initiate contraction

30
Q

What are intercalated discs

A

Specialised junctions that allow for rapid transmission of the action potential

31
Q

Why are intercalated discs important in the heart

A

As they allow for the cardiac myocytes in the heart to beat as one

32
Q

What does the electrocardiogram (ECG) measure

A

Measure automaticity - HR, rhythmicity, pacemaker
Measure conductivity - pathway, reentry, block

33
Q

What does the electrocardiogram (ECG) reveal

A

Reveal hypertrophy
Reveal ischemic damages- location, size and progress

BIOMED (24 decks)

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