Inflammation SEM2 Flashcards
What is the role of inflammation
Deliver effector molecules
Induce local blood clotting
Stimulate adaptive immune response
Promote repair of injured site
What are inducers of inflammation
Cell lysis during viral replication
Virulence factors
PAMPs
Cellular necrosis
What is vasodilation
Increased blood supply to damaged site - delivers cells and drugs
What are features of inflammations role
Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Leukocyte extravasation
Stimulation of immune response
Loss of function
What is the role of mast cells
Release granules of inflammatory mediators
What is the role of mononuclear phagocytes
Phagocytosis and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
What are neutrophils and what do they release
A type of phagocyte and release proteases
What are the vasoactive mediators
Histamine and kinins
What are the lipid mediators
Leukotrienes and prostaglandins
What do mast cells release upon activation
Mast cells release acrachidonic acid
What is arachidonic acid metabolised by and a result of the process
Metabolised by cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) to produce prostaglandins
What is arachidonic acid metabolised by to produce leukotrienes
Metabolised by enzyme 5-lipoxygenase to produce leukotrienes
What is the role of prostaglandins
Potentiate the activity of histamine and kinins
How is IL-8 produced
Produced by activated macrophages and its role is to attract neutrophils to site of infection/inflammation
How are IL-1 and IL-6 produced and their roles
Both produced by activated macrophages
IL-1 - used to contain and eliminate pathogens
Il-6 - critical for fever induction and stimulating acute phase reactions
What enzyme are kinins acted upon and its effect
Enzyme called kallikrein which produces bradykinin and kallidin
What is the role of bradykinin
Acts directly on pain receptors and dilation of venules
What are lipoxins and resolvins secreted by
Macrophages, neutrophils and structural cells
What do lipoxins and resolvins reduce
Diapedesis
Neutrophil chemotaxis
Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Vascular permeability
What is the role of TGF- β
It inhibits the actions of pro-inflammatory cytokines
What is efferocytosis
Clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes
What occurs in IgE-mediated allergic reactions
Mast cells are stimulated to produce cytokines
What are alternative therapeutics to treating RA (rheumatoid arthritis)
TNF antagonist
What are methods to treat sepsis
Regular blood monitoring
Broad spectrum antibiotic
Remove source of infection
What are the possible results of using steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Decreased T cell activation
Decreased fibroblast function
Decreased expression of COX-2
Increase release of anti-inflammatory cytokines
What cell secretes inflammatory mediators
Macrophages
