Inflammation SEM2

Question 1

What is the role of inflammation

Answer 1

Deliver effector molecules
Induce local blood clotting
Stimulate adaptive immune response
Promote repair of injured site

Question 2

What are inducers of inflammation

Answer 2

Cell lysis during viral replication
Virulence factors
PAMPs
Cellular necrosis

Question 3

What is vasodilation

Answer 3

Increased blood supply to damaged site - delivers cells and drugs

Question 4

What are features of inflammations role

Answer 4

Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Leukocyte extravasation
Stimulation of immune response
Loss of function

Question 5

What is the role of mast cells

Answer 5

Release granules of inflammatory mediators

Question 6

What is the role of mononuclear phagocytes

Answer 6

Phagocytosis and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 7

What are neutrophils and what do they release

Answer 7

A type of phagocyte and release proteases

Question 8

What are the vasoactive mediators

Answer 8

Histamine and kinins

Question 9

What are the lipid mediators

Answer 9

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins

Question 10

What do mast cells release upon activation

Answer 10

Mast cells release acrachidonic acid

Question 11

What is arachidonic acid metabolised by and a result of the process

Answer 11

Metabolised by cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) to produce prostaglandins

Question 12

What is arachidonic acid metabolised by to produce leukotrienes

Answer 12

Metabolised by enzyme 5-lipoxygenase to produce leukotrienes

Question 13

What is the role of prostaglandins

Answer 13

Potentiate the activity of histamine and kinins

Question 14

How is IL-8 produced

Answer 14

Produced by activated macrophages and its role is to attract neutrophils to site of infection/inflammation

Question 15

How are IL-1 and IL-6 produced and their roles

Answer 15

Both produced by activated macrophages
IL-1 - used to contain and eliminate pathogens
Il-6 - critical for fever induction and stimulating acute phase reactions

Question 16

What enzyme are kinins acted upon and its effect

Answer 16

Enzyme called kallikrein which produces bradykinin and kallidin

Question 17

What is the role of bradykinin

Answer 17

Acts directly on pain receptors and dilation of venules

Question 18

What are lipoxins and resolvins secreted by

Answer 18

Macrophages, neutrophils and structural cells

Question 19

What do lipoxins and resolvins reduce

Answer 19

Diapedesis
Neutrophil chemotaxis
Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Vascular permeability

Question 20

What is the role of TGF- β

Answer 20

It inhibits the actions of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 21

What is efferocytosis

Answer 21

Clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes

Question 22

What occurs in IgE-mediated allergic reactions

Answer 22

Mast cells are stimulated to produce cytokines

Question 23

What are alternative therapeutics to treating RA (rheumatoid arthritis)

Answer 23

TNF antagonist

Question 24

What are methods to treat sepsis

Answer 24

Regular blood monitoring
Broad spectrum antibiotic
Remove source of infection

Question 25

What are the possible results of using steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Answer 25

Decreased T cell activation
Decreased fibroblast function
Decreased expression of COX-2
Increase release of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Question 26

What cell secretes inflammatory mediators

Answer 26

Macrophages