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BIO1693 > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

__ is the exchange of gases b/w the atmosphere, blood, and cells.

A

Respiration

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2
Q

Respiration occurs in 3 steps:

A

Ventilation (breathing)
External respiration
Internal (tissue) respiration

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3
Q

Which structures comprise the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

A

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles (except the respiratory bronchioles).

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4
Q

The upper respiratory system and associated structures include:

A

Nose and pharynx

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5
Q

The structures of the lower respiratory system include:

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

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6
Q

The openings to the external nose are called the __ __.

A

External nares

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7
Q

The inside of both the external and internal nose is called the __ __.

A

Nasal cavity

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8
Q

The anterior portion of the nasal cavity is called the __.

A

Vestibule

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9
Q

What is the path taken by air molecules into and through the nose?

A

External nares –> nasal cavity –> the internal nares

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10
Q

The __ (throat) is a muscular tune lined by a mucous membrane.

A

Pharynx

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11
Q

The regions of the pharynx are:

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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12
Q

The __ (voice box) is a passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea.

A

Larynx

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13
Q

How does the epiglottis prevent foods and liquids from entering the larynx?

A

During swallowing, the epiglottis closes over the larynx to block food and liquids from entering.

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14
Q

The __ (windpipe) extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi.

A

Trachea

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15
Q

How many lobes and corresponding lobar bronchi are present in each lung?

A

There are 2 lobes and 2 lobar bronchi in the left lung and 3 lobes and 3 lobar bronchi in the right lung.

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16
Q

List the branching of bronchial tree:

A

Trachea –> main bronchi –> lobar bronchi –> segmental bronchi –> bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles

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17
Q

The trachea, main bronchi, lobar and segmental bronchi, and the bronchioles and terminal bronchioles are part of which zone?

A

Conducting zone

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18
Q

The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs are part of what zone?

A

Respiratory zone

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19
Q

__ are paired organs in the thoracic cavity; they are enclosed and protected by the plueral membrane.

A

Lungs

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20
Q

The __ __ is the outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity.

A

Parietal plueral

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21
Q

The __ __ is the inner layer that covers the lungs themselves.

A

Visceral plueral

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22
Q

Between the pluerae is a small potential space, the __ __, which contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes.

A

Pleural cavity

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23
Q

The secondary bronchi give rise to branches called tertiary (segmental) bronchi, which supply segments of lung tissue called __ __.

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

24
Q

Each bronchopulmonary segment consists of many small compartments called __ which contain lymphatics, arterioles, venules, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

A

Lobules

25
Q

Microscopic airways of the lung travel via:

A

Respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveolar sacs –> alveoli

26
Q

What are the major parts of a lobule of a lung?

A

A lymphatic vessel, arteriole, venule, and a branch of a terminal bronchiole wrapped in elastic connective tissue.

27
Q

Type II alveolar cells secrete alveolar fluid that keeps the alveolar cells moist and which contains a component called __.

A

Surfactant

28
Q

__ lowers the surface tension of the alveolar fluid, which prevents the collapse of the alveoli with each expiration.

A

Surfactant

29
Q

Which cells secrete alveolar fluid?

A

Type II alveolar cells

30
Q

__ __ (breathing) is the process by which gasses are exchanged between the atmosphere and lung alveoli.

A

Pulmonary ventilation

31
Q

__ (inhalation) is the process of bringing air into the lungs.

A

Inspiration

32
Q

__ (exhalation) is the movement of air out of the lungs.

A

Expiration

33
Q

__ is the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded.

A

Compliance

34
Q

The walls of the respiratory passageways, especially the bronchi and bronchioles, offer some __ to the normal flow of air into the lungs.

A

Resistance

35
Q

What are the main muscles that power your quiet breathing?

A

The diaphragm and the external intercostals.

36
Q

How does the alveolar pressure change during a normal, quiet breath?

A

Alveolar pressure nos 758mm Hg during inhalation; alveolar pressure during exhalation is 726mm Hg.

37
Q

Breathe in as deeply as possible and then exhale as much air as you can. Which lung capacity have you demonstrated?

A

You demonstrate vital capacity when you breathe in as deeply as possible and then exhale as much air as you can.

38
Q

Spaces of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles totalling about 150ml of the 500ml in a quiet breath (tidal volume); __ __ __ does not reach the alveoli to participate in gas exchange

A

Anatomic dead space

39
Q

The __ __ (MV) of __ is the total volume of air taken in during one minute (tidal volume x 12 respirations per minute = 6000ml/min)

A

Minute ventilation of respiration

40
Q

__ is a normal variation in breathing rate and depth.

A

Eupnea

41
Q

__ __ requires combinations of various patterns of intercostal and extracostal muscles, usually during times when increased ventilation is needed (exercise)

A

Costal breathing

42
Q

__ __ is the usual mode of operation to move air by contracting and relaxing the diaphragm to change the lung volume.

A

Diaphragmatic breathing

43
Q

__ refers to breath holding.

A

Apnea

44
Q

__ relates to painful or difficult breathing.

A

Dyspnea

45
Q

__ involves a rapid breathing rate.

A

Tachypnea

46
Q

What causes O2 to enter pulmonary capillaries from alveolar air and to enter tissue cells from systemic capillaries?

A

Oxygen enters pulmonary capillaries from alveolar air and enters tissue cells from systemic capillaries due to differences in Po2.

47
Q

The __ pressure of a __ is the pressure exerted by that gas in a mixture of gases.

A

The partial pressure of a gas

48
Q

The __ pressure of a __ is calculated by simply adding all the partial pressures.

A

The total pressure of a mixture (symbolized by P).

49
Q

What percentage of oxygen is transported in blood by hemoglobin?

A

About 98.5%

50
Q

Which area of the respiratory centre contains neurons that are active and then inactive in a repeating cycle?

A

The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory centers contains neurons that are active and then inactive in a repeating cycle.

51
Q

Which nerves convey impulses from the respiratory centre to the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerves stimulate the diaphragm to contract.

52
Q

What is the normal arterial blood in Pco2?

A

Is 40mm Hg

53
Q

Usually allergic reaction characterized by smooth muscle spasms in bronchi resulting in wheezing and difficult breathing.

A

Asthma

54
Q

A disorder characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli which produces abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation.

A

Emphysema

55
Q

A disorder characterized by excessive secretion of bronchial mucus accompanied by a cough.

A

Bronchitis

56
Q

An acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli.

A

Pneumonia

BIO1693 (8 decks)

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