The Respiratory System Flashcards
__ is the exchange of gases b/w the atmosphere, blood, and cells.
Respiration
Respiration occurs in 3 steps:
Ventilation (breathing)
External respiration
Internal (tissue) respiration
Which structures comprise the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles (except the respiratory bronchioles).
The upper respiratory system and associated structures include:
Nose and pharynx
The structures of the lower respiratory system include:
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
The openings to the external nose are called the __ __.
External nares
The inside of both the external and internal nose is called the __ __.
Nasal cavity
The anterior portion of the nasal cavity is called the __.
Vestibule
What is the path taken by air molecules into and through the nose?
External nares –> nasal cavity –> the internal nares
The __ (throat) is a muscular tune lined by a mucous membrane.
Pharynx
The regions of the pharynx are:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
The __ (voice box) is a passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea.
Larynx
How does the epiglottis prevent foods and liquids from entering the larynx?
During swallowing, the epiglottis closes over the larynx to block food and liquids from entering.
The __ (windpipe) extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi.
Trachea
How many lobes and corresponding lobar bronchi are present in each lung?
There are 2 lobes and 2 lobar bronchi in the left lung and 3 lobes and 3 lobar bronchi in the right lung.
List the branching of bronchial tree:
Trachea –> main bronchi –> lobar bronchi –> segmental bronchi –> bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles
The trachea, main bronchi, lobar and segmental bronchi, and the bronchioles and terminal bronchioles are part of which zone?
Conducting zone
The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs are part of what zone?
Respiratory zone
__ are paired organs in the thoracic cavity; they are enclosed and protected by the plueral membrane.
Lungs
The __ __ is the outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity.
Parietal plueral
The __ __ is the inner layer that covers the lungs themselves.
Visceral plueral
Between the pluerae is a small potential space, the __ __, which contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes.
Pleural cavity
The secondary bronchi give rise to branches called tertiary (segmental) bronchi, which supply segments of lung tissue called __ __.
Bronchopulmonary segments
Each bronchopulmonary segment consists of many small compartments called __ which contain lymphatics, arterioles, venules, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
Lobules
Microscopic airways of the lung travel via:
Respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveolar sacs –> alveoli
What are the major parts of a lobule of a lung?
A lymphatic vessel, arteriole, venule, and a branch of a terminal bronchiole wrapped in elastic connective tissue.
Type II alveolar cells secrete alveolar fluid that keeps the alveolar cells moist and which contains a component called __.
Surfactant
__ lowers the surface tension of the alveolar fluid, which prevents the collapse of the alveoli with each expiration.
Surfactant
Which cells secrete alveolar fluid?
Type II alveolar cells
__ __ (breathing) is the process by which gasses are exchanged between the atmosphere and lung alveoli.
Pulmonary ventilation
__ (inhalation) is the process of bringing air into the lungs.
Inspiration
__ (exhalation) is the movement of air out of the lungs.
Expiration
__ is the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded.
Compliance
The walls of the respiratory passageways, especially the bronchi and bronchioles, offer some __ to the normal flow of air into the lungs.
Resistance
What are the main muscles that power your quiet breathing?
The diaphragm and the external intercostals.
How does the alveolar pressure change during a normal, quiet breath?
Alveolar pressure nos 758mm Hg during inhalation; alveolar pressure during exhalation is 726mm Hg.
Breathe in as deeply as possible and then exhale as much air as you can. Which lung capacity have you demonstrated?
You demonstrate vital capacity when you breathe in as deeply as possible and then exhale as much air as you can.
Spaces of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles totalling about 150ml of the 500ml in a quiet breath (tidal volume); __ __ __ does not reach the alveoli to participate in gas exchange
Anatomic dead space
The __ __ (MV) of __ is the total volume of air taken in during one minute (tidal volume x 12 respirations per minute = 6000ml/min)
Minute ventilation of respiration
__ is a normal variation in breathing rate and depth.
Eupnea
__ __ requires combinations of various patterns of intercostal and extracostal muscles, usually during times when increased ventilation is needed (exercise)
Costal breathing
__ __ is the usual mode of operation to move air by contracting and relaxing the diaphragm to change the lung volume.
Diaphragmatic breathing
__ refers to breath holding.
Apnea
__ relates to painful or difficult breathing.
Dyspnea
__ involves a rapid breathing rate.
Tachypnea
What causes O2 to enter pulmonary capillaries from alveolar air and to enter tissue cells from systemic capillaries?
Oxygen enters pulmonary capillaries from alveolar air and enters tissue cells from systemic capillaries due to differences in Po2.
The __ pressure of a __ is the pressure exerted by that gas in a mixture of gases.
The partial pressure of a gas
The __ pressure of a __ is calculated by simply adding all the partial pressures.
The total pressure of a mixture (symbolized by P).
What percentage of oxygen is transported in blood by hemoglobin?
About 98.5%
Which area of the respiratory centre contains neurons that are active and then inactive in a repeating cycle?
The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory centers contains neurons that are active and then inactive in a repeating cycle.
Which nerves convey impulses from the respiratory centre to the diaphragm?
The phrenic nerves stimulate the diaphragm to contract.
What is the normal arterial blood in Pco2?
Is 40mm Hg
Usually allergic reaction characterized by smooth muscle spasms in bronchi resulting in wheezing and difficult breathing.
Asthma
A disorder characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli which produces abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation.
Emphysema
A disorder characterized by excessive secretion of bronchial mucus accompanied by a cough.
Bronchitis
An acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli.
Pneumonia
