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BIO1693 > Lymphatic & Immune System > Flashcards

Lymphatic & Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is lymphatic tissue?

A

Reticular connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes.

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2
Q

Why is lymph more similar to interstitial fluid than it is to blood plasma?

A

It’s protein content is low.

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3
Q

Which vessels of the cardiovascular system (arteries, veins or capillaries) produce lymph?

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

The direction of flow of lymph and blood:

Blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, lymph, lymph, blood plasma

A

Blood capillaries -> interstitial spaces -> lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic vessels and nodes -> lymphatic ducts -> junction of jugular and subclavian veins

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5
Q

What happens to foreign substances that enter a lymph node in a lymph?

A

Foreign substances maybe be phagocytized by macrophages or destroyed by T cells or antibodies produced by plasma cells.

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6
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

Red bone marrow and thymus gland

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7
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules (clusters of lymphocytes in all mucous membranes).

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8
Q

The first line of defense is the:

A

Skin and mucous membranes

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9
Q

The second line of defense involves the following 4:

A

Internal antimicrobial proteins, phagocytic and natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever.

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10
Q

Body cells infected with viruses produce antimicrobial proteins called __.

A

Interferons (IFNs)

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11
Q

The ability to ward off pathogens that produce disease is called __.

A

Resistance

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12
Q

Lack of resistance is called __.

A

Susceptibility

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13
Q

Lymph capillaries merge to form larger vessels called __.

A

Lymphatic vessels.

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14
Q

Lymphatic vessels convey into and out of structures called __.

A

Lymph nodes

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15
Q

The __ is a lymphatic capillary in the villus of the small intestine.

A

Lacteal

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16
Q

__ __ are encapsulated oval structures located along the lymphatic vessels.

A

Lymph nodes

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17
Q

__ __ are oval-shaped concentrations of lymphatic tissue.

A

Lymphatic nodules

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18
Q

Lymphatic nodules can be found in the __ __ of the mucous membranes lining the GI tract, respiratory airways, urinary tract, and reproductive tract.

A

Lamina propria

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19
Q

Mucousa - associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) are clusters of __ __.

A

Lymphatic nodules

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20
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Lymphatic nodules in the ileum of the small intestine

21
Q

__ __ refers to a wide variety of body responses against a wide range of pathogens and their toxins.

A

Nonspecific resistance

22
Q

__ __ are lymphocytes that lack the membrane molecules that identify T and B cells.

A

NK cells

23
Q

__ are cells specialized to perform phagocytosis and they include neutrophils and macrophages.

A

Phagocytes

24
Q

What causes redness at a site of inflammation?

A

By increased blood flow due to vasodilation.

25
Q

Inflammation is usually characterized by 4 symptoms:

A

Redness, pain, heat, and swelling.

26
Q

The 3 basic stages of inflammation are:

A
  1. Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels. 2. Phagocyte migration. 3. Tissue repair.
27
Q

After phagocytes engulf damaged tissue and microbes, they eventually die forming a pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue, and a fluid called __.

A

Pus

28
Q

__ is the ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents.

A

Immunity

29
Q

__ antigens are substances that the immune responses recognize as foreign.

A

Antigens

30
Q

__-__ is the ability of the immune system to recognize the self-tissues of the body.

A

Self-tolerance

31
Q

Cell-mediated immunity CMI refers to:

A

The destruction of antigens by T cells.

Ex: effective against intracellular pathogens, fungi, parasites, viruses

32
Q

Antibody-mediated (humoral immunity) AMI refers to:

A

The destruction of antigens by antibodies.

Ex: bacteria that multiply in body fluids but rarely enter body cells

33
Q

Which type of T cell participates in both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses?

A

Helper T cells

34
Q

What are some of the functions of an active helper T cell?

A

Release the protein interleukin 2, which acts as a costimulator for resting helper T cells or cytotoxic T cells: and enhance activation and proliferation of T cells, B cells and NK cells.

35
Q

What is the function of a memory cytotoxic T cell?

A

They quickly proliferate and differentiate into more active cytotoxic T cells and more memory T cells of the same antigen enters the body at a future time.

36
Q

How many different kinds of antibodies will be secreted by the plasma cells in the clone shown here?

A

Since all of the plasma cells in this figure are part of the same clone, they secrete just one kind of antibody?

37
Q

Specific portions of antigen molecules called __ __ or epitopes can trigger immune responses.

A

Antigenic determinants

38
Q

Major histocompatibility complex MHC antigens are also called __ __ __ HLA antigens and are unique to each person’s body cells.

A

Human leucocyte associated antigens HLA

39
Q

Antigens induce plasma cells to secrete proteins known as __.

A

Antibodies

40
Q

An __ is a protein that can combine specifically with the antigenic determinant on the antigen that triggered it’s production.

A

Antibody

41
Q

Antibody proteins are called __.

A

Immunoglobulins

42
Q

The 6 functions of antibodies includes:

Never aid iguanas before an angry ape cuz people eventually pick pears for new ideas

A 
Neutralization of antigens
Immobilization of bacteria
Agglutination of antigens
Activation of complement proteins
Enhancement of phagocytosis
Provision of fetal and newborn immunity
43
Q

What is the function of the variable regions of an antibody?

A

Can bind specifically to the antigen that triggered it’s production.

44
Q

What are the 5 principal classes of immunoglobulins?

A

IgG - 80% in the blood
IgA - 10-15% in the blood
IgM - 5-10% in the blood
IgD - 0.2% of all antibodies in the blood
IgE - less than 0.1% of all antibodies in the blood

45
Q

Cells called __-__ __ APCs process exogenous antigens and present them together with MHC class 2 molecules to T cells.

A

Antigen presenting cells APCs

46
Q

Which types of cells can function as APCs?

A

APCs include macrophages, B cells, and dentritic cells.

47
Q

Besides cells infected by microbes, what other types of cells do cytotoxic T cells attack?

A

They can also attack some tumor cells and transplanted tissue cells.

48
Q

How many different kinds of antibodies will be secreted by the plasma in the clone in figure 17.12, p420?

A

Since all of the plasma cells in this figure are part of the same clone they secrete just one kind of antibody.

49
Q

Which type of antibody responds most strongly during the secondary response?

A

IgG is the antibody secreted in the greatest amount during a secondary response.

BIO1693 (8 decks)

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