Lymphatic & Immune System

Question 1

What is lymphatic tissue?

Answer 1

Reticular connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes.

Question 2

Why is lymph more similar to interstitial fluid than it is to blood plasma?

Answer 2

It’s protein content is low.

Question 3

Which vessels of the cardiovascular system (arteries, veins or capillaries) produce lymph?

Answer 3

Capillaries

Question 4

The direction of flow of lymph and blood:

Blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, lymph, lymph, blood plasma

Answer 4

Blood capillaries -> interstitial spaces -> lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic vessels and nodes -> lymphatic ducts -> junction of jugular and subclavian veins

Question 5

What happens to foreign substances that enter a lymph node in a lymph?

Answer 5

Foreign substances maybe be phagocytized by macrophages or destroyed by T cells or antibodies produced by plasma cells.

Question 6

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

Answer 6

Red bone marrow and thymus gland

Question 7

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

Answer 7

Lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules (clusters of lymphocytes in all mucous membranes).

Question 8

The first line of defense is the:

Answer 8

Skin and mucous membranes

Question 9

The second line of defense involves the following 4:

Answer 9

Internal antimicrobial proteins, phagocytic and natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever.

Question 10

Body cells infected with viruses produce antimicrobial proteins called __.

Answer 10

Interferons (IFNs)

Question 11

The ability to ward off pathogens that produce disease is called __.

Answer 11

Resistance

Question 12

Lack of resistance is called __.

Answer 12

Susceptibility

Question 13

Lymph capillaries merge to form larger vessels called __.

Answer 13

Lymphatic vessels.

Question 14

Lymphatic vessels convey into and out of structures called __.

Answer 14

Lymph nodes

Question 15

The __ is a lymphatic capillary in the villus of the small intestine.

Answer 15

Lacteal

Question 16

__ __ are encapsulated oval structures located along the lymphatic vessels.

Answer 16

Lymph nodes

Question 17

__ __ are oval-shaped concentrations of lymphatic tissue.

Answer 17

Lymphatic nodules

Question 18

Lymphatic nodules can be found in the __ __ of the mucous membranes lining the GI tract, respiratory airways, urinary tract, and reproductive tract.

Answer 18

Lamina propria

Question 19

Mucousa - associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) are clusters of __ __.

Answer 19

Lymphatic nodules

Question 20

What are Peyer’s patches?

Answer 20

Lymphatic nodules in the ileum of the small intestine

Question 21

__ __ refers to a wide variety of body responses against a wide range of pathogens and their toxins.

Answer 21

Nonspecific resistance

Question 22

__ __ are lymphocytes that lack the membrane molecules that identify T and B cells.

Answer 22

NK cells

Question 23

__ are cells specialized to perform phagocytosis and they include neutrophils and macrophages.

Answer 23

Phagocytes

Question 24

What causes redness at a site of inflammation?

Answer 24

By increased blood flow due to vasodilation.

Question 25

Inflammation is usually characterized by 4 symptoms:

Answer 25

Redness, pain, heat, and swelling.

Question 26

The 3 basic stages of inflammation are:

Answer 26

1. Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels. 2. Phagocyte migration. 3. Tissue repair.

Question 27

After phagocytes engulf damaged tissue and microbes, they eventually die forming a pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue, and a fluid called __.

Answer 27

Pus

Question 28

__ is the ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents.

Answer 28

Immunity

Question 29

__ antigens are substances that the immune responses recognize as foreign.

Answer 29

Antigens

Question 30

__-__ is the ability of the immune system to recognize the self-tissues of the body.

Answer 30

Self-tolerance

Question 31

Cell-mediated immunity CMI refers to:

Answer 31

The destruction of antigens by T cells. | Ex: effective against intracellular pathogens, fungi, parasites, viruses

Question 32

Antibody-mediated (humoral immunity) AMI refers to:

Answer 32

The destruction of antigens by antibodies. | Ex: bacteria that multiply in body fluids but rarely enter body cells

Question 33

Which type of T cell participates in both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses?

Answer 33

Helper T cells

Question 34

What are some of the functions of an active helper T cell?

Answer 34

Release the protein interleukin 2, which acts as a costimulator for resting helper T cells or cytotoxic T cells: and enhance activation and proliferation of T cells, B cells and NK cells.

Question 35

What is the function of a memory cytotoxic T cell?

Answer 35

They quickly proliferate and differentiate into more active cytotoxic T cells and more memory T cells of the same antigen enters the body at a future time.

Question 36

How many different kinds of antibodies will be secreted by the plasma cells in the clone shown here?

Answer 36

Since all of the plasma cells in this figure are part of the same clone, they secrete just one kind of antibody?

Question 37

Specific portions of antigen molecules called __ __ or epitopes can trigger immune responses.

Answer 37

Antigenic determinants

Question 38

Major histocompatibility complex MHC antigens are also called __ __ __ HLA antigens and are unique to each person's body cells.

Answer 38

Human leucocyte associated antigens HLA

Question 39

Antigens induce plasma cells to secrete proteins known as __.

Answer 39

Antibodies

Question 40

An __ is a protein that can combine specifically with the antigenic determinant on the antigen that triggered it's production.

Answer 40

Antibody

Question 41

Antibody proteins are called __.

Answer 41

Immunoglobulins

Question 42

The 6 functions of antibodies includes: | Never aid iguanas before an angry ape cuz people eventually pick pears for new ideas

Answer 42

``` Neutralization of antigens Immobilization of bacteria Agglutination of antigens Activation of complement proteins Enhancement of phagocytosis Provision of fetal and newborn immunity ```

Question 43

What is the function of the variable regions of an antibody?

Answer 43

Can bind specifically to the antigen that triggered it's production.

Question 44

What are the 5 principal classes of immunoglobulins?

Answer 44

IgG - 80% in the blood IgA - 10-15% in the blood IgM - 5-10% in the blood IgD - 0.2% of all antibodies in the blood IgE - less than 0.1% of all antibodies in the blood

Question 45

Cells called __-__ __ APCs process exogenous antigens and present them together with MHC class 2 molecules to T cells.

Answer 45

Antigen presenting cells APCs

Question 46

Which types of cells can function as APCs?

Answer 46

APCs include macrophages, B cells, and dentritic cells.

Question 47

Besides cells infected by microbes, what other types of cells do cytotoxic T cells attack?

Answer 47

They can also attack some tumor cells and transplanted tissue cells.

Question 48

How many different kinds of antibodies will be secreted by the plasma in the clone in figure 17.12, p420?

Answer 48

Since all of the plasma cells in this figure are part of the same clone they secrete just one kind of antibody.

Question 49

Which type of antibody responds most strongly during the secondary response?

Answer 49

IgG is the antibody secreted in the greatest amount during a secondary response.