Metabolism & Nutrition Flashcards
In a pancreatic cell that produces digestive enzymes, does anabolism or catabolism predominate?
Anabolism
How many molecules of ATP are produced during the complete catabolism of one molecule of glucose?
It yields 30 or 32 ATPs.
Which body cells can synthesize glucose from amino acids?
Liver cells can carry out gluconeogenesis.
Which cells form keystone bodies?
Liver cells
What factors can increase metabolic rate and thus increase heat production?
Exercise, the sympathetic nervous system, hormones, elevated body temperature, and ingestion of food.
__ are chemicals in food from which energy is extracted
Nutrients
The 6 nutrients are:
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, minerals, and vitamins.
__ is the sum of all chemical reactions.
Metabolism
__ is the assembly of complex molecules from simpler ones.
Anabolism
__ is the breakdown of complex molecules.
Catabolism
The liver and skeletal muscles can store excess glucose as glycogen, a process called __.
Glycogenesis
If glycogen storage areas are filled up, liver cells and fat cells convert glucose to glycerol and fatty acids that can be used to synthesize triglycerides during the process of __.
Lipogenesis
__ is trapped in a cell when it becomes phosphorylated.
Glucose
Glucose oxidation also is called __ __.
Cellular respiration
The 4 stages of oxidation of glucose to CO2 to H2O are:
Glycolysis
Formation of acetyl coenzyme A
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
__ refers to the breakdown of glycogen, a long branched chain of glucose molecules.
Glycogenolysis
__ refers to the breakdown of the 6 carbon molecule glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of the pyruvic acid.
Glycolysis
The Krebs cycle is also called the:
Citric acid cycle Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
The __ __ is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the matrix of mitochondria.
Krebs cycle
The conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver and skeletal muscles is called __.
Glycogenesis
The conversion of glycogen back to glucose is called __.
Glycogenolysis
__ is the conversion of protein or fat molecules into glucose.
Gluconeogenesis
Triglycerides stored in fat deposits, are split into fatty and glycerol, a process called __.
Lipolysis
The conversion of glucose or amino acids into lipids is called __.
Lipogenesis
The 4 classes of lipoproteins are:
Chylomicrons
Very low-density lipoproteins VLDLs
Low-density lipoproteins LDLs
High-density lipoproteins HDLs
Body cells can synthesize the nonessential amino acids by a process called __.
Transamination
