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BIO1693 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Which accessory organs assist in the mechanical breakdown of food?

A

The teeth: they cut and grind down food.

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2
Q

What is the function of the nerves in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Nerves in its wall help regulate secretions and contractions of the GI tract.

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3
Q

Which part of the peritoneum binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Mesentery binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.

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4
Q

What are the functions of the muscles of the tongue?

A

Maneuver food for chewing, shape food into a bolus, force food to the back of the mouth for swallowing, and alter the shape of the tongue for swallowing and speech production.

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5
Q

What type of tissue is the main component of teeth?

A

A connective tissue called dentin.

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6
Q

Is swallowing a voluntary action or an involuntary action?

A

Both. Initiation of swallowing is voluntary. Completion of swallowing (esophagus to stomach) is involuntary involving peristalsis of smooth muscle.

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7
Q

Does your stomach still have rugae after a very big meal?

A

Probably not because as the stomach fills the rugae stretches out.

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8
Q

Which stomach layer is in contact with swallowed food?

A

The simple columnar epithelial cells of the mucosa.

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9
Q

What substances are present in pancreatic juice?

A

A mixture of water, salts, bicarbonate ions, and digestive enzymes.

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10
Q

Which cells in the liver are phagocytes?

A

Stellate reticuloendothelial cells in the liver.

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11
Q

In which quadrant is most of the ileum located?

A

Lower right quadrant (refer to fig 19.11)

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12
Q

Where are the cells that absorb dietary nutrients located?

A

In the mucosal epithelium

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13
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) absorbed?

A

By diffusion from micelles

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14
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

Completion of absorption, synthesis of certain vitamins, formation of feces, and elimination of feces.

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15
Q

How does the muscularis of the large intestine differ from that of other parts of the GI tract?

A

It forms longitudinal bands (teniae coli) that gather the colon into a series of pouches.

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16
Q

The __ __ is a tube open at both ends extending from mouth to the anus. Functions to transit food during its processing.

A

Gastrointestinal tract

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17
Q

The 6 functional segments of the GI tract include:

A

Mouth, esophagus, small intestine, pharynx, stomach, and large intestine.

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18
Q

The 6 accessory structures of the GI tract include:

A

Teeth, salivary glands, gallbladder, tongue, liver, and pancreas.

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19
Q

What are the 6 functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation.

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20
Q

__ is taking food into the mouth (eating).

A

Ingestion

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21
Q

__ is the release by cells within the walls of the GI tract and accessory organs - water, acid, buffers, enzymes into the lumen of the tract.

A

Secretion

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22
Q

__ and __ are caused by the alternating contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles within the walls of the GI tract.

A

Mixing and propulsion

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23
Q

__ both mechanical and chemical, breaks ingested food into small molecules.

A

Digestion

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24
Q

__ is the passage of the end products of digestion from the GI tract into blood or lymph for distribution to cells.

A

Absorption

25
Q

__ is the emptying of the rectum, which eliminates indigestible substances from the GI tract.

A

Defecation

26
Q

The basic arrangement of layers in the GI tract, from the inside outward includes:

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa (visceral peritoneum)

27
Q

The potential space between the parietal and visceral portions of the peritoneum is called the __ __, which contains serous fluid.

A

Peritoneal cavity

28
Q

Some organs such as the kidneys and pancreas lie on the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum; these organs are called __ .

A

Retroperitoneal

29
Q

The 3 pairs of salivary glands are:

A

Parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), and sublingual glands

30
Q

The __ is a funnel shaped tube that extends from the internal nares to the esophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly.

A

Pharynx

31
Q

The __ is a collapsible, muscular tube lying behind the trachea that connects the pharynx to the stomach.

A

Esophagus

32
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Propulsive contractions

33
Q

The __ is a J-shaped enlargements of the GI tract that begins at the bottom of the esophagus and ends at the pyloric sphincter.

A

Stomach

34
Q

When a bolus is converted to a liquid it is called __

A

Chyme

35
Q

The gross anatomical subdivisions of the stomach include the following:

A

Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus.

36
Q

When the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in folds called __.

A

Rugae

37
Q

The surface of the mucosa is a layer of simple columnar epithelial cells called __ __ __.

A

Surface mucous cells

38
Q

The gastric glands consist of 3 types of exocrine glands:

A

Mucous neck cells (secrete mucous), chief cells (secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase), and parietal (secrete HCl).

39
Q

Mechanical digestion consists of peristaltic movements called __ __.

A

Mixing waves

40
Q

__ __ is the periodic release of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum.

A

Gastric emptying

41
Q

Pancreatic acini secrete a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called __ __.

A

Pancreatic juice

42
Q

The __ is a sac located in a depression on the posterior surface of the liver.

A

Gallbladder

43
Q

__ is partially an excretory product and partially a digestive secretion.

A

Bile

44
Q

The small intestine is divided into the following parts:

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

45
Q

Projections called __ folds or __ circulares are permanent ridges in the mucosa that enhance absorption by increasing surface area and causing chyme to spiral as it passes through the small intestine.

A

Circular folds; plicae circulares

46
Q

The cells of the mucosal (simple columnar) epithelium include the following 3 cells:

A

Absorptive cells, goblet cells (mucous secreting), and endocrine cells (hormone producing).

47
Q

What are the 3 phases of digestion?

A

Cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase.

48
Q

Explain the cephalic phase of digestion.

A

Secretion of saliva and gastric juice in response to the sight, smell, sound, or thought of food.

49
Q

Explain the gastric phase of digestion.

A

Food enters the stomach; gastric juice secretion is promoted by the hormone gastrin; chyme leaves the stomach.

50
Q

Explain the intestinal phase of digestion.

A

Chyme enters the small intestine; gastric emptying is inhibited, mechanical and chemical digestion in the small bowel is promoted; acidity of chyme buffered.

51
Q

__ is the major movement of the small intestine, is a localized contraction in areas containing food.

A

Segmentation

52
Q

__ is the passage of the end products of digestion from the GI tract into blood or lymph, and occurs by diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

A

Absorption

53
Q

__ are resynthesized to triglycerides and formed into protein-coated spherical masses.

A

Chylomicrons

54
Q

In order for lipids to be transported in blood and utilized by body cells, the lipids must be combined with protein transporters called __.

A

Lipoproteins

55
Q

The large intestine (colon) extends from the ileocecal sphincter to the anus. It’s subdivisions include:

A

Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

56
Q

The colon is divided into the following 4 area:

A

Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid.

57
Q

The muscularis contains specialized portions of longitudinal muscles called __ __.

A

Taeniae coli

58
Q

__ is the elimination of feces from the rectum.

A

Defecation

BIO1693 (8 decks)

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