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BIO1693 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Among the mal organs of reproduction, how is the penis classified functionally?

A

Considered a supporting structure

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2
Q

Which spermatogenic cells in a seminiferous tubule are least mature?

A

Spermatogonia (stem cells)

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3
Q

Regarding meiosis, what is the significance of crossing over?

A

It permits the formation of new combinations of genes from maternal and paternal chromosomes.

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4
Q

What is the function of the sperm tail?

A

It contains mitochondria, which produce ATP that provides energy for locomotion of sperm.

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5
Q

Which cells secrete inhibin?

A

The sustentacular cells

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6
Q

What term refers to the external genitals of the female?

A

The vulva or pudendum

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7
Q

What structures in the ovary contain endocrine tissue, and what hormones do they secrete?

A

Ovarian follicles secrete estrogens, and the corpus luteum secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxing, and inhibin.

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8
Q

How does the age of a primary oocyte in a female compare with the age of a primary spermatocyte in a male?

A

Primary oocytes are present in the ovary at birth, in males, primary spermatocytes are continually being formed from spermatogonia and thus are only a few days old.

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9
Q

Which part of the uterus lining rebuilds after each menstruation?

A

The endometrium

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10
Q

What surface structures are anterior to the vaginal opening?

A

The mins pubis, clitoris, prepuce, and external urethral orifice are anterior to the vaginal opening.

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11
Q

What hormone regulates the ejection of milk from the mammary glands?

A

Oxytocin

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12
Q

Which hormones are responsible for the proliferative phase of endometrial growth?

A

Estrogens

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13
Q

Which hormones are responsible for ovulation?

A

LH - luteinizing hormone

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14
Q

Which hormones are responsible for growth of the corpus luteum?

A

LH - luteinizing hormone

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15
Q

Which hormones are responsible for the surge of LH at midcycle?

A

Estrogens

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16
Q

When declining levels of estrogens and progesterone stimulate secretion of GnRH, is this a positive or negative feedback? Why?

A

Negative feedback becauSe the response is opposite to the stimulus. Decreasing levels of estrogens and progesterone stimulate release of GnRH which inturn increases production and release of estrogens.

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17
Q

What is the function of the skeletal muscle in the testicular wall?

A

The skeletal muscle elevates the testes if the temperature falls

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18
Q

When do testes normally descend into the scrotum?

A

During fetal development (around 7 months)

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19
Q

What is the function of the interstitial cells of Leydig?

A

They produce the hormone testosterone

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20
Q

Which cells undergo reduction division during spermatogenesis?

A

The primary spermatocytes

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21
Q

To what does the term spermiogenesis refer?

A

The maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa (development of a head and tail)

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22
Q

What is the function of the ductus epididymis?

A

To store, mature, and release sperm during ejaculation.

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23
Q

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

A

To store sperm

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24
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

Releases a slightly acidic secretion that aids in sperm motility and viability.

25
Q

How many sperm are normally produced each day?

A

About 300 million

26
Q

What are the products of the division of the secondary oocyte?

A

An ovum and a second polar body

27
Q

Which hormones is most important in milk secretion?

A

Prolactin

28
Q

GnRH from the hypothalamus regulates the secretion of what hormones in the female?

A

FSH and LH

29
Q

Which hormone is produced by the ovarian follicles?

A

Estrogen

30
Q

Ovulation is associated with a surge of what hormone?

A

LH

31
Q

What is the role of the corpus luteum?

A

To secrete progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for implantation

32
Q

What is the function of chorionic gonadotropin?

A

To maintain structure of the corpus luteum which maintains the uterus lining

33
Q

Gonads function in the production of what?

A

Gametes - sperm cells and ova

Hormones

34
Q

How does exposure to warmth impact the testes?

A

Causes the testicles to move away from the pelvic cavity

35
Q

Sertoli cells do what?

A

Support and protect spermatogenic cells
Nourish spermatocytes
Nourish spermatids
Nourish spermatozoa

36
Q

The uterus of the female reproductive system acts as the site of:

A

Menstruation
Implantation of a fertilized ovum
Development of the fetus during pregnancy

37
Q

The 3 main functions of estrogen are:

A

Promote the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics and the breasts.
Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance.
Stimulation of protein synthesis.

38
Q

Without the surge of LH by the anterior pituitary gland during ovulation:

A

Ovulation will not occur

39
Q

If fertilization of the ovum occurs and implantation takes place:

A

The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone producing functions.

40
Q

The structures that draw an ovulated oocyte into the female duct system are:

A

The cilia and fimbriae

41
Q

The usual site for embryo implantation is:

A

The uterus

42
Q

The mal homologue of the female clitoris is:

A

The penis

43
Q

The urethra is the more central of the 2 orifices in the vulva. True or false

A

True

44
Q

Secondary sex characteristics are:

A

A result of male and female sex hormones increasing in amount at puberty

45
Q

What produces the male sex hormones?

A

Interstitial endocrine cells

46
Q

What would occur as a result of nondescent of the testes?

A

Viable sperm will not be produced

47
Q

The normal diploid number of human chromosomes is:

A

46

48
Q

Hormones that directly regulate the ovarian cycle are:

A

LH and FSH

49
Q

Chemicals in males that inhibit the hypothalamic pituitary testicular acis are:

A

Inhibin and testosterone

50
Q

A hormone that makes the cervical mucous viscous is:

A

Progesterone

51
Q

What potentiates the activity of testosterone on spermatogenic cells?

A

Androgen binding protein

52
Q

In females, these exerts feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary:

A

Estrogens
Inhibin
Progesterone

53
Q

What stimulates the secretion of testosterone?

A

LH

54
Q

The menstrual cycle can be divided into 3 continuous phases. Starting from the first day of the cycle, their consecutive order is?

A

Menstrual, proliferative, secretory

55
Q

Spermatozoa are to seminiferous tubules as oocytes are to:

A

Ovarian follicles

56
Q

What does not add a secretion that makes for a major contributor to semen?

A

Ductus deferens (vas)

57
Q

The corpus luteum is formed at the site of:

A

Ovulation

58
Q

FSH is to estrogen as estrogen is to:

A

LH

59
Q

A drug that “reminds the pituitary” to produce gonadotropins might be useful as:

A

A fertility drug

BIO1693 (8 decks)

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