Reproductive System Flashcards
Among the mal organs of reproduction, how is the penis classified functionally?
Considered a supporting structure
Which spermatogenic cells in a seminiferous tubule are least mature?
Spermatogonia (stem cells)
Regarding meiosis, what is the significance of crossing over?
It permits the formation of new combinations of genes from maternal and paternal chromosomes.
What is the function of the sperm tail?
It contains mitochondria, which produce ATP that provides energy for locomotion of sperm.
Which cells secrete inhibin?
The sustentacular cells
What term refers to the external genitals of the female?
The vulva or pudendum
What structures in the ovary contain endocrine tissue, and what hormones do they secrete?
Ovarian follicles secrete estrogens, and the corpus luteum secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxing, and inhibin.
How does the age of a primary oocyte in a female compare with the age of a primary spermatocyte in a male?
Primary oocytes are present in the ovary at birth, in males, primary spermatocytes are continually being formed from spermatogonia and thus are only a few days old.
Which part of the uterus lining rebuilds after each menstruation?
The endometrium
What surface structures are anterior to the vaginal opening?
The mins pubis, clitoris, prepuce, and external urethral orifice are anterior to the vaginal opening.
What hormone regulates the ejection of milk from the mammary glands?
Oxytocin
Which hormones are responsible for the proliferative phase of endometrial growth?
Estrogens
Which hormones are responsible for ovulation?
LH - luteinizing hormone
Which hormones are responsible for growth of the corpus luteum?
LH - luteinizing hormone
Which hormones are responsible for the surge of LH at midcycle?
Estrogens
When declining levels of estrogens and progesterone stimulate secretion of GnRH, is this a positive or negative feedback? Why?
Negative feedback becauSe the response is opposite to the stimulus. Decreasing levels of estrogens and progesterone stimulate release of GnRH which inturn increases production and release of estrogens.
What is the function of the skeletal muscle in the testicular wall?
The skeletal muscle elevates the testes if the temperature falls
When do testes normally descend into the scrotum?
During fetal development (around 7 months)
What is the function of the interstitial cells of Leydig?
They produce the hormone testosterone
Which cells undergo reduction division during spermatogenesis?
The primary spermatocytes
To what does the term spermiogenesis refer?
The maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa (development of a head and tail)
What is the function of the ductus epididymis?
To store, mature, and release sperm during ejaculation.
What is the function of the ductus deferens?
To store sperm
What is the function of the prostate gland?
Releases a slightly acidic secretion that aids in sperm motility and viability.
How many sperm are normally produced each day?
About 300 million
What are the products of the division of the secondary oocyte?
An ovum and a second polar body
Which hormones is most important in milk secretion?
Prolactin
GnRH from the hypothalamus regulates the secretion of what hormones in the female?
FSH and LH
Which hormone is produced by the ovarian follicles?
Estrogen
Ovulation is associated with a surge of what hormone?
LH
What is the role of the corpus luteum?
To secrete progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for implantation
What is the function of chorionic gonadotropin?
To maintain structure of the corpus luteum which maintains the uterus lining
Gonads function in the production of what?
Gametes - sperm cells and ova
Hormones
How does exposure to warmth impact the testes?
Causes the testicles to move away from the pelvic cavity
Sertoli cells do what?
Support and protect spermatogenic cells
Nourish spermatocytes
Nourish spermatids
Nourish spermatozoa
The uterus of the female reproductive system acts as the site of:
Menstruation
Implantation of a fertilized ovum
Development of the fetus during pregnancy
The 3 main functions of estrogen are:
Promote the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics and the breasts.
Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance.
Stimulation of protein synthesis.
Without the surge of LH by the anterior pituitary gland during ovulation:
Ovulation will not occur
If fertilization of the ovum occurs and implantation takes place:
The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone producing functions.
The structures that draw an ovulated oocyte into the female duct system are:
The cilia and fimbriae
The usual site for embryo implantation is:
The uterus
The mal homologue of the female clitoris is:
The penis
The urethra is the more central of the 2 orifices in the vulva. True or false
True
Secondary sex characteristics are:
A result of male and female sex hormones increasing in amount at puberty
What produces the male sex hormones?
Interstitial endocrine cells
What would occur as a result of nondescent of the testes?
Viable sperm will not be produced
The normal diploid number of human chromosomes is:
46
Hormones that directly regulate the ovarian cycle are:
LH and FSH
Chemicals in males that inhibit the hypothalamic pituitary testicular acis are:
Inhibin and testosterone
A hormone that makes the cervical mucous viscous is:
Progesterone
What potentiates the activity of testosterone on spermatogenic cells?
Androgen binding protein
In females, these exerts feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary:
Estrogens
Inhibin
Progesterone
What stimulates the secretion of testosterone?
LH
The menstrual cycle can be divided into 3 continuous phases. Starting from the first day of the cycle, their consecutive order is?
Menstrual, proliferative, secretory
Spermatozoa are to seminiferous tubules as oocytes are to:
Ovarian follicles
What does not add a secretion that makes for a major contributor to semen?
Ductus deferens (vas)
The corpus luteum is formed at the site of:
Ovulation
FSH is to estrogen as estrogen is to:
LH
A drug that “reminds the pituitary” to produce gonadotropins might be useful as:
A fertility drug
