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BIO1693 > Development and Inheritance > Flashcards

Development and Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

In which part of the reproductive tract does fertilization usually occur?

A

The uterine (Fallopian) tubes

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2
Q

How long after ovulation does fertilization usually occur?

A

Within 12-24 hours

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3
Q

Define the term capacitation?

A

Changes the sperm within the female reproductive tract which enables them to carry out the process of fertilization

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4
Q

Define the term cleavage.

A

The early divisions of the zygote that occur without an increase in cell size

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5
Q

What is a morula?

A

A solid ball of cells caused by cleavage divisions

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6
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

The development of the morula to form a hollow ball of cells

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7
Q

For how long is the developing human considered to be an embryo?

A

The first 2 months (8 weeks)

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8
Q

Name the 3 primary germ layers.

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

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9
Q

Describe the chorion.

A

The outermost of the embryonic membranes that surrounds the fetus and becomes the embryonic part of the placenta

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10
Q

Identify the principal function of the placenta.

A

To provide for the exchange of nutrient and waste products b/w the fetus and the mother

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11
Q

Which structures are found within the umbilical cord?

A

Umbilical arteries
Umbilical vein
Mucous connective tissue (Wharton’s jelly)

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12
Q

What is the function of human chorionic gonadotropin?

A

To maintain the structure and function of the corpus luteum

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13
Q

Name the 3 stages of labour?

A

Dilation
Expulsion
Placental

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14
Q

Define the term genotype.

A

The specific genetic makeup of an individual

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15
Q

Define the term heterozygous.

A

Having 2 different forms of the same gene for any particular trait of one individual

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16
Q

Describe what is meant by the term x-linked inheritance.

A

Refers to a trait carried on the x chromosome

17
Q

Developmental biology may be best defined as the study of:

A

Fertilization of a secondary oocyte to the formation of an adult organism

18
Q

Fertilization is best described as the union of:

A

A spermatozoa and ovum into a single nucleus

19
Q

The fertilized ovum - consisting of a segmentation nucleus cytoplasm and zona pellucida - is called a:

A

Zygote

20
Q

The embryonic membrane that is closest to the developing embryo is the:

A

Amnion

21
Q

Which of the following are changes associated with pregnancy?

A

Stress incontinence
Increased pigmentation
Constipation

22
Q

What is capacitation?

A

The functional changes in sperm after they have been deposited in the female reproductive tract that enable them to fertilize a secondary oocyte.

23
Q

What is the histological difference between a morula and a blastocyst?

A

A morula is a ball of solid cells; a blastocyst consists of a rim of cells (trophoblast) surrounding a cavity (blastocyst cavity) and an embryoblast

24
Q

How does the blastocyst merge with and burrow into the endometrium?

A

The blastocyst secretes digestive enzymes that eat away the endometrial lining at the site of implantation

25
Q

At implantation, how is the blastocyst oriented?

A

The blastocyst is oriented so that the embryoblast is closest to the endometrium

26
Q

How is the bilaminar embryonic disc connected to the trophoblast?

A

It is attached to the trophoblast by the connecting stalk

27
Q

What is the significance of gastrulation?

A

It converts a bilaminar embryonic disc into a trilaminar embryonic disc

28
Q

Why is development of the chorionic villi important?

A

Chorionic villi help to bring the fetal and maternal blood vessels close to eachother

29
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A

Functions in exchange of materials between the fetus and mother, serves Asa protective barrier against many microbes and stores nutrients

30
Q

How does mid-feral weight compare to end-fetal weight?

A

During this time, fetal weight doubles

31
Q

Name 2 functions of oxytocin.

A

Stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in the breasts which squeezes the glandular duct cells and causes milk ejection; stimulates uterine contractions during delivery of a baby

32
Q

What are chromosomes other than sex chromosomes called?

A

Autosomes

BIO1693 (8 decks)

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