The Respiratory System Flashcards
air is drawn through the [blank] and the nasal cavity
nares
[blank] is where air is warmed and humidified in the nasal cavity
pharynx
the air is filtered by nasal hairs or [blank] and mucous membranes
vibrissae
[blank] are small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell thick membrane
alveoli
[blank] in the alveoli reduces surface tension at the liquid-gas interface
surfactant
the [blank] cover the lungs and line the chest wall
pleurae
the [blank] pleurae lies adjacent to the lung itself
visceral
the [blank] pleurae lines the chest wall
parietal
the [blank] lies between the visceral and parietal pleurae and contains a thin layer of fluid that lubricates the two pleural surfaces
intrapleural space
the [blank] is a thin skeletal muscle that helps to create the pressure differential required for breathing
diaphragm
[blank] is an active process
inhalation
the diaphragm and [blank] expand the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the intrapleural space
external intercostal muscles
inhalation decreases the [blank]
intrapleural pressure
[blank] is when the pressure differential ultimately expands the lungs, dropping the pressure within and drawing air from the environment
negative-pressure breathing
[blank] may be passive or active
exhalation
in [blank] exhalation, relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of the lungs allow the chest cavity to decrease in volume
passive exhalation
the [blank] exhalation, the internal intracostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcibly decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity pushing out air
active exhalation
a [blank] can be used to measure lung capacities and volumes
spirometer
[blank] is the maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely
total lung capacity (TLC)
[blank] is the volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely
residual volume (RV)
[blank] is the difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs
vital capacity (VC)
[blank] is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath
tidal volume (TV)
[blank] is the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
[blank] is the volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
ventilation is regulated by the [blank], a collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata
ventilation center
[blank] respond to carbon dioxide concentrations, increasing the respiratory rate when there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood
chemoreceptors
[blank] is where there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood
hypercarbia or hypercapnia
the ventilation can also respond to low oxygen concentrations in the blood [blank] by increasing ventilation rate
hypoxemia
ventilation can also be controlled consciously through the [blank] although the medulla oblongata will override the [blank] during extended periods of hypo/ hyperventilation
cerebrum
the lungs perform [blank] with the blood through simple diffusion across concentration gradients
gas exchange
[blank] with a high carbon dioxide concentration is brought to the lungs via the [blank]
deoxygenated blood //pulmonary arteries
[blank] with a low carbon dioxide concentration leaves the lungs via the [blank]
oxygenated blood// pulmonary veins
the large surface area of interaction between the alveoli and capillaries allows the respiratory system to assist in thermoregulation through [blank] and [blank] of capillary beds
vasodilation// vasoconstriction
[blank] in the nasal cavity and saliva attacks peptidoglycan cell walls of gram-positive bacteria
lysozyme
[blank] can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader
macrophages
mucosal surfaces are covered [blank] antibodies
IgA
[blank] have antibodies on their surface that, when triggered, can promote the release inflammatory chemicals, they are also involved in allergic reactions as well
mast cells
the respiratory system is involved in pH control through the [blank] system
bicarbonate buffer
the blood pH [blank], respiration rate increases to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide… this causes a left shift in the buffer equation, [blank] hydrogen ion concentrations
decreases// reducing
when blood pH [blank], respiration rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide… this causes a right shift in the buffer equation, [blank] hydrogen ion concentration
increases// increasing
breathing pathway
nares –> nasal cavity –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli
[blank] is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume
vital capacity (VC= IRV + ERV + TV)
when CO2 levels become too low, the brain can [blank] the respiratory rate in order to raise CO2
decrease
