The Digestive System Flashcards
[blank] digestion involves the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids to make energy
intracellular digestion
[blank] digestion occurs in the lumen of the alimentary canal
extracellular digestion
[blank] digestion is the physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles
mechanical digestion
[blank] digestion is the enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds, such as the peptide bonds of proteins or the glycosidic bonds of starches
chemical digestion
pathway of the digestive tract
oral cavity (mouth) –> pharynx –> esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine –> rectum
the accessory organs of digestion include
salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
the [blank] system is in the wall of the alimentary canal and controls peristalsis
enteric nervous system
the enteric nervous system’s activity is upregulated by the [blank] nervous system and downregulated by the [blank] nervous system
parasympathetic// sympathetic
[blank] and [blank] hormone promotes thirst
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)// aldosterone
[blank] and [blank] hormone promotes hunger
glucagon// ghrelin
[blank] and [blank] hormone promotes satiety
leptin// cholecystokinin
[blank] starts the mechanical digestion of food and is also known as chewing
mastication
[blank] and [blank] begin the chemical digestion of food in the oral cavity
salivary amylase// lipase
once mechanical/ chemical digestion occurs, food is formed into a [blank] and swallowed
bolus
the [blank] connects with the mouth and posterior nasal cavity to the esophagus
pharynx
the [blank] propels food to the stomach using peristalsis
esophagus
food enters the stomach through the [blank]
lower esophageal sphincter
the stomach has four parts which include
the fundus, body, atrum, and pylorus
the stomach has a [blank] and [blank] curvature and thrown into folds called [blank]
lesser// greater// rugae
[blank] cells produce bicarbonate-rich mucus to protect the stomach
mucous cells
[blank] cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
parietal cells
[blank] is needed for vitamin B12 absorption
intrinsic factor
[blank] secrete pepsinogen
chief cells
[blank] is a protease activated by the acidic environment of the stomach
pepsinogen
[blank] cells secrete gastrin
G-cells
[blank] is a peptide hormone that increases HCl secretion and gastric motility
gastrin
after mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach, the food particles are now called [blank]
chyme
food passes into the duodenum through the [blank]
pyloric sphincter
the [blank] is the first part of the small intestine and is primarily involved in chemical digestion
duodenum
[blank] are brush-border enzymes that break down maltose, isomaltose, lactose, and sucrose into monosaccharides
disaccharidases
brush-border peptidases include [blank] and [blank]
aminopeptidase// dipeptidase
[blank] activates trypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases, initiating an activation cascade
enteropeptidase
[blank] stimulates the release of pancreatic juices into the digestive tract and slows motility
secretin
[blank] stimulates bile release from the gallbladder, release of pancreatic juices, and satiety
cholecystokinin
[blank] cells in the pancreas produce pancreatic juices that contain biocarbonate, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic peptidase and pancreatic lipase
acinar cells
pancreatic peptidases include…
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidase A and B
the [blank] synthesizes bile
liver
[blank] can be stored in the gallbladder or secreted into the duodenum directly
bile
[blank] emulsifies fats, making them soluble and increasing their surface area
bile
the main components of bile are [blank], [blank] and [blank]
bile salts// pigments// cholesterol
the [blank] stores and concentrates bile
gallbladder
the [blank] and [blank] of the small intestine are primarily involved in absorption
jejunum// ileum
the small intestine is lined with [blank] which are covered with [blank] increasing the surface area available for absorption
villi// microvilli
villi contain a [blank] and a [blank]
capillary bed and lacteal
a [blank] is a vessel of the lymphatic system
lacteal
water soluble compounds that enter the capillary bed include…
- ) monosaccharides
- ) amino acids
- ) water-soluble vitamins
- ) small fatty acids
- ) water
fat-soluble compounds that enter the lacteal include…
- ) fats
- ) cholesterol
- ) fat-soluble vitamins
the [blank] absorbs water and salts, forming semisolid feces
large intestine
the [blank] is an outpocketing that accepts fluid from the small intestine through the [blank]
cecum// ileocecal valve
the cecum is the site of attachment of the [blank]
appendix
the [blank] is divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions
colon
portions of the colon
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
the [blank] stores feces
rectum
feces are excreted through the [blank]
anus
gut bacteria produce [blank] and [blank]
vitamin K// biotin (vitamin B7)
