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mCAT Biology > Genetics and Evolution > Flashcards

Genetics and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

[blank] contain genes in a linear sequence

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

[blank] are alternative forms of a gene

A

alleles

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3
Q

a [blank] allele requires only one copy to be expressed

A

dominant

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4
Q

a [blank] allele requires two copies to be expressed

A

recessive

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5
Q

a [blank] is the combination of alleles one has given genetic locus

A

genotype

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6
Q

having two of the same allele is termed [blank]

A

homozygous

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7
Q

having two different alleles is termed [blank]

A

heterozygous

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8
Q

having only one allele is termed [blank]

A

hemizygous

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9
Q

a [blank] is the observable manifestation of a genotype

A

phenotype

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10
Q

[blank] is when the effect of one allele completely masks the effect of another

A

complete dominance

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11
Q

[blank] has more than one dominant allele

A

codominance

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12
Q

[blank] has no dominant alleles; heterozygotes have intermediate phenotypes

A

incomplete dominance

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13
Q

[blank] is the proportion of a population with a given genotype who express the phenotype

A

penetrance

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14
Q

[blank] refers to the varying phenotypic manifestations of a given genotype

A

expressivity

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15
Q

mendel’s first law of segregation

A

states that an organism has two alleles for each gene, which segregate during meiosis, resulting in gametes carrying only one allele for a trait

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16
Q

mendel’s second law of independent assortment

A

states that the inheritance of one allele does not influence that probability of inheriting an allele for a different trait

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17
Q

[blank] demonstrated the transforming principle, converting non-virulent live bacteria into virulent bacteria by exposure to hear-killed virulent bacteria

A

the Griffith experiment

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18
Q

the [blank] demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material because degradation of DNA led to a cessation of bacterial transformation

A

the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment

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19
Q

the [blank] confirmed that DNA is the genetic material because only radiolabled DNA could be found in bacteriophage-infected bacteria

A

the Hershey-Chase experiment

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20
Q

all of the alleles in a given population constitute the [blank]

A

gene pool

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21
Q

[blank] are changes in DNA sequence

A

mutations

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22
Q

nucleotide mutations include [blank] and [blank]

A

point mutations// frameshift mutations

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23
Q

[blank] is the substituting of one nucleotide for another

A

point mutations

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24
Q

[blank] is moving the three-letter transcriptional reading frame

A

frameshift mutations

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25
Q

a [blank] has no effect on the protein

A

silent mutation

26
Q

a [blank] results in the substitution on one amino acid for another

A

missense mutation

27
Q

a [blank] results in the substitution of a stop codon for an amino acid

A

nonsense mutation

28
Q

[blank] and [blank] result in a shift in the reading frame, leading to changes for all downstream amino acids

A

insertions// deletions

29
Q

[blank] include larger-scale mutations affecting whole segments of DNA

A

chromosomal mutations

30
Q

[blank] occur when a large segment of DNA is lost

A

deletion mutations

31
Q

[blank] occur when a segment of DNA is copied multiple times

A

duplication mutations

32
Q

[blank] occur when a segment of DNA is reversed

A

inversion mutations

33
Q

[blank] occur when a segment of DNA is moved from one chromosome to another

A

insertion mutations

34
Q

[blank] occur when a segment of DNA is swapped with a segment of DNA from another chromosome

A

translocation mutations

35
Q

genetic [blank] is a flow of genes between species through hybrid offspring

A

leakage

36
Q

[blank] occurs when the composition of the gene pool changes as a result of chance

A

genetic drift

37
Q

the [blank] results from bottlenecks that suddenly isolate a small population, leading to inbreeding and increased prevalence of certain homozygous genotypes

A

the founder effect

38
Q

[blank] visually represent the crossing of gametes from parents to show relative genotypic and phenotypic frequencies

A

punnett squares

39
Q

the [blank] is represented by P

A

the parent generation

40
Q

[blank] or offspring are represented by F1, F2, etc.

A

filial generation

41
Q

a [blank] accounts for one gene

A

monohybrid cross

42
Q

a [blank] accounts for two genes

A

dihybrid cross

43
Q

in [blank], sex chromosomes are usually used to indicate sex as well as genotype

A

sex-linked crosses

44
Q

the [blank] is the likelihood of two alleles being separated during crossing over in meiosis

A

recombination frequency

45
Q

[blank] can be made using recombination frequency as the scale in centimorgans

A

genetic maps

46
Q

the [blank] states that if a population meets certain criteria, then the allele frequencies will remain constant

A

Hardy-Weinberg principle

47
Q

[blank] states that chance variations exist between individuals and that advantageous variations afford the most opportunities for reproductive success

A

natural selection

48
Q

the [blank] model accounts for mutation and recombination as mechanisms of variation and considers differential reproduction to be the mechanism for reproductive success

A

the modern synthesis model

49
Q

[blank] considers an organism’s success to be based on the number of offspring. success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others; survival of offspring or relatives ensures appearance of genes in subsequent generations

A

inclusive fitness

50
Q

[blank] considers evolution to be a very slow process with intermittent rapid bursts of evolutionary activity

A

punctuated equilibrium

51
Q

different types of selection lead to changes in [blank]

A

phenotypes

52
Q

[blank] keeps phenotypes in a narrow range, excluding extremes

A

stabilizing selection

53
Q

[blank] moves the average phenotype toward one extreme

A

directional selection

54
Q

[blank] moves the population toward two different phenotypes at the extremes and can lead to speciation

A

disruptive selection

55
Q

[blank] is the rapid emergence of multiple species from a common ancestor, each of which occupies its own ecological niche

A

adaptive radiation

56
Q

a [blank] is the largest group of organisms capable of breeding to form fertile offspring

A

species

57
Q

species are [blank] from each other by pre- or postzygotic mechanisms

A

reproductively isolated

58
Q

[blank] occurs when two species sharing a common ancestor become more different

A

divergent evolution

59
Q

[blank] occurs when two species sharing a common ancestor evolve in similar ways due to analogous selection pressures

A

parallel evolution

60
Q

[blank] occurs when two species not sharing a recent ancestor evolve to become more similar due to analogous selection pressure

A

convergent evolution

61
Q

according to the [blank], the degree of difference in the genome between two species is related to the amount of time since the two species broke off from a common ancestor

A

molecular clock model

mCAT Biology (13 decks)

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