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mCAT Biology > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

the [blank] consists of a muscular four-chambered heart, blood vessels, and blood

A

cardiovascular system

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2
Q

the [blank] is composed of cardiac muscle and supports two different circulations

A

heart

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3
Q

the heart is composed of [blank]

A

cardiac muscle

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4
Q

two different circulations within the heart

A

pulmonary circulation// systemic circulation

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5
Q

each side of the heart consists of a [blank] and a [blank]

A

atrium// ventricle

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6
Q

the atria are separated from the ventricles by the [blank]

A

atrioventricular valves

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7
Q

atrioventricular valve on the right is the [blank]

A

tricuspid valve

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8
Q

atrioventricular valve on the left is the [blank]

A

bicuspid or mitral valve

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9
Q

the ventricles are separated from the vasculature by the [blank]

A

semilunar valves

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10
Q

semilunar valve on the right is called the [blank]

A

pulmonary valave

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11
Q

semilunar valve on the left is called the [blank]

A

aortic valve

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12
Q

pathway of blood

A

right atrium (through the tricuspid valve) –> right ventricle (through the pulmonary valve) –> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium (through the mitral valve) –> left ventricle (through the aortic valve) –> aorta –> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> venae cavae –> right atrium

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13
Q

the left side of the heart contains [blank] heart muscle than the right side

A

more

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14
Q

the left side of the heart contains more heart muscle b/c the systemic circulation has a much higher [blank] and [blank]

A

resistance// pressure

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15
Q

electrical conduction of the heart starts at the [blank]

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

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16
Q

electrical conduction of the heart pathway

A

sinoatrial (SA) node –> atrioventricular (AV) node –> bundle of His –> Purkinje fibers

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17
Q

[blank] refers to the period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed

A

systole

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18
Q

[blank] refers to the period when the heart is relaced and the semilunar valves are closed

A

diastole

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19
Q

the cardiac output is the product of [blank] and [blank]

A

heart rate// stroke volume

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20
Q

the sympathetic nervous system [blank] the heart rate and contractility

A

increases

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21
Q

the parasympathetic nervous systems [blank] the heart rate

A

decreases

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22
Q

the vasculature consists of [blank], [blank], and [blank]

A

arteries// veins// capillaries

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23
Q

[blank] are thick, highly muscular structures with elastic qualities that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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24
Q

small muscular arteries are [blank] which control flow into capillary beds

A

arterioles

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25
Q

[blank] have walls that are one cell thick, making them so narrow that red blood cells must travel in single file through them

A

capillaries

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26
Q

[blank] are inelastic, thin walled structures that transport blood to the heart

A

veins

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27
Q

[blank] are able to stretch in order to accommodate large volumes of blood but do no have a recoil capability

A

veins

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28
Q

[blank] are able to recoil to help propel blood forward

A

arteries

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29
Q

small veins are called [blank]

A

venules

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30
Q

veins are compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles and have [blank] to maintain one-way flow

A

valves

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31
Q

a [blank] system is one in which blood passes through two capillary beds in series

A

portal

32
Q

in the [blank] system, blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via the hepatic portal vein

A

hepatic portal system

33
Q

in the [blank] system, blood travels from the capillary bed in the hypothalamus to the capillary bed in the anterior pituitary

A

hypophyseal portal system

34
Q

in the [blank] system, blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole

A

renal portal system

35
Q

[blank] is composed of cells and plasma, an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones and blood proteins

A

blood

36
Q

what is blood composed of

A

cells// plasma// nutrients// salts// respiratory gases// hormones// blood proteins

37
Q

[blank] are red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

38
Q

[blank] lack a mitochondria, nucleus, and organelles in order to make room from hemoglobin

A

erythrocytes

39
Q

[blank] is a protein that carries oxygen within blood

A

hemoglobin

40
Q

[blank] is the percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes

A

hematocrit

41
Q

[blank] are white blood cells

A

leukocytes

42
Q

red and white blood cells are formed in [blank]

A

bone marrow

43
Q

[blank] are a crucial part of the immune system

A

leukocytes

44
Q

[blank] such are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils play a role in non-specific immunity

A

granular leukocytes

45
Q

[blank] such are lymphocytes and monocytes play a role in specific immunity

A

agranulocytes

46
Q

[blank] are also called platelets

A

thrombocytes

47
Q

[blank] are cell fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation

A

thrombocytes

48
Q

[blank] also means blood clotting

A

coagulation

49
Q

[blank] include the surface antigens A, B, O, and Rh Factor (D)

A

blood antigens

50
Q

blood antigens include [blank], [blank], [blank], [blank]

A

A// B// O// Rh Factor (D)

51
Q

the I^A (A) and I^B (B) alleles are [blank]

A

codominant

52
Q

the O allele is [blank]

A

recessive

53
Q

an individual has antibodies for an [blank] alleles that they do not have

A

AB

54
Q

positive Rh factor is [blank]

A

dominant

55
Q

Rh-negative blood will only create anti-Rh antibodies after [blank]

A

exposure to Rh positive blood

56
Q

[blank] refers to the force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels by blood

A

blood pressure

57
Q

blood pressure has [blank] and [blank] components

A

systolic// diastolic

58
Q

blood pressure can be measured by a [blank]

A

sphygmomanometer

59
Q

blood pressure is maintained by [blank] and [blank] reflexes

A

chemoreceptor// baroreceptor

60
Q

low blood pressure promotes [blank] and [blank] release

A

aldosterone// antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

61
Q

high blood pressure promotes [blank] release

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

62
Q

high blood osmolarity promotes [blank] release

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

63
Q

blood clots can be broken down by [blank]

A

plasmin

64
Q

platelets bind to collagen and are stabilized by [blank]

A

fibrin

65
Q

starling forces consists of [blank] pressure and [blank] pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure// osmotic pressure

66
Q

[blank] is the pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel

A

hydrostatic pressure

67
Q

[blank] is the “sucking” pressure drawing water towards solutes

A

osmotic pressure

68
Q

[blank] is the osmotic pressure due to proteins

A

oncotic pressure

69
Q

[blank] forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary bed while [blank] draws it back in at the venule end

A

hydrostatic pressure// osmotic pressure

70
Q

[blank] is carried by hemoglobin

A

oxygen

71
Q

oxygen is loaded onto hemoglobin within the [blank] b/c of high partial pressure of oxygen

A

lungs

72
Q

oxygen is unloaded from hemoglobin within the [blank] b/c of the low partial pressure of oxygen

A

tissue

73
Q

[blank] is largely carried in the blood in the form of carbonic acid, bicarbonate, or H ions

A

carbon dioxide

74
Q

carbon dioxide can be carried through blood in the forms of [blank], [blank] or [blank]

A

carbonic acid// bicarbonate// H ion

75
Q

carbon dioxide is [blank] and not soluble while carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and H ions are [blank] and soluble

A

nonpolar// polar

mCAT Biology (13 decks)

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