The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
the [blank] consists of a muscular four-chambered heart, blood vessels, and blood
cardiovascular system
the [blank] is composed of cardiac muscle and supports two different circulations
heart
the heart is composed of [blank]
cardiac muscle
two different circulations within the heart
pulmonary circulation// systemic circulation
each side of the heart consists of a [blank] and a [blank]
atrium// ventricle
the atria are separated from the ventricles by the [blank]
atrioventricular valves
atrioventricular valve on the right is the [blank]
tricuspid valve
atrioventricular valve on the left is the [blank]
bicuspid or mitral valve
the ventricles are separated from the vasculature by the [blank]
semilunar valves
semilunar valve on the right is called the [blank]
pulmonary valave
semilunar valve on the left is called the [blank]
aortic valve
pathway of blood
right atrium (through the tricuspid valve) –> right ventricle (through the pulmonary valve) –> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium (through the mitral valve) –> left ventricle (through the aortic valve) –> aorta –> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> venae cavae –> right atrium
the left side of the heart contains [blank] heart muscle than the right side
more
the left side of the heart contains more heart muscle b/c the systemic circulation has a much higher [blank] and [blank]
resistance// pressure
electrical conduction of the heart starts at the [blank]
sinoatrial (SA) node
electrical conduction of the heart pathway
sinoatrial (SA) node –> atrioventricular (AV) node –> bundle of His –> Purkinje fibers
[blank] refers to the period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed
systole
[blank] refers to the period when the heart is relaced and the semilunar valves are closed
diastole
the cardiac output is the product of [blank] and [blank]
heart rate// stroke volume
the sympathetic nervous system [blank] the heart rate and contractility
increases
the parasympathetic nervous systems [blank] the heart rate
decreases
the vasculature consists of [blank], [blank], and [blank]
arteries// veins// capillaries
[blank] are thick, highly muscular structures with elastic qualities that carry blood away from the heart
arteries
small muscular arteries are [blank] which control flow into capillary beds
arterioles
[blank] have walls that are one cell thick, making them so narrow that red blood cells must travel in single file through them
capillaries
[blank] are inelastic, thin walled structures that transport blood to the heart
veins
[blank] are able to stretch in order to accommodate large volumes of blood but do no have a recoil capability
veins
[blank] are able to recoil to help propel blood forward
arteries
small veins are called [blank]
venules
veins are compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles and have [blank] to maintain one-way flow
valves
a [blank] system is one in which blood passes through two capillary beds in series
portal
in the [blank] system, blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via the hepatic portal vein
hepatic portal system
in the [blank] system, blood travels from the capillary bed in the hypothalamus to the capillary bed in the anterior pituitary
hypophyseal portal system
in the [blank] system, blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole
renal portal system
[blank] is composed of cells and plasma, an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones and blood proteins
blood
what is blood composed of
cells// plasma// nutrients// salts// respiratory gases// hormones// blood proteins
[blank] are red blood cells
erythrocytes
[blank] lack a mitochondria, nucleus, and organelles in order to make room from hemoglobin
erythrocytes
[blank] is a protein that carries oxygen within blood
hemoglobin
[blank] is the percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes
hematocrit
[blank] are white blood cells
leukocytes
red and white blood cells are formed in [blank]
bone marrow
[blank] are a crucial part of the immune system
leukocytes
[blank] such are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils play a role in non-specific immunity
granular leukocytes
[blank] such are lymphocytes and monocytes play a role in specific immunity
agranulocytes
[blank] are also called platelets
thrombocytes
[blank] are cell fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation
thrombocytes
[blank] also means blood clotting
coagulation
[blank] include the surface antigens A, B, O, and Rh Factor (D)
blood antigens
blood antigens include [blank], [blank], [blank], [blank]
A// B// O// Rh Factor (D)
the I^A (A) and I^B (B) alleles are [blank]
codominant
the O allele is [blank]
recessive
an individual has antibodies for an [blank] alleles that they do not have
AB
positive Rh factor is [blank]
dominant
Rh-negative blood will only create anti-Rh antibodies after [blank]
exposure to Rh positive blood
[blank] refers to the force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels by blood
blood pressure
blood pressure has [blank] and [blank] components
systolic// diastolic
blood pressure can be measured by a [blank]
sphygmomanometer
blood pressure is maintained by [blank] and [blank] reflexes
chemoreceptor// baroreceptor
low blood pressure promotes [blank] and [blank] release
aldosterone// antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
high blood pressure promotes [blank] release
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
high blood osmolarity promotes [blank] release
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
blood clots can be broken down by [blank]
plasmin
platelets bind to collagen and are stabilized by [blank]
fibrin
starling forces consists of [blank] pressure and [blank] pressure
hydrostatic pressure// osmotic pressure
[blank] is the pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel
hydrostatic pressure
[blank] is the “sucking” pressure drawing water towards solutes
osmotic pressure
[blank] is the osmotic pressure due to proteins
oncotic pressure
[blank] forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary bed while [blank] draws it back in at the venule end
hydrostatic pressure// osmotic pressure
[blank] is carried by hemoglobin
oxygen
oxygen is loaded onto hemoglobin within the [blank] b/c of high partial pressure of oxygen
lungs
oxygen is unloaded from hemoglobin within the [blank] b/c of the low partial pressure of oxygen
tissue
[blank] is largely carried in the blood in the form of carbonic acid, bicarbonate, or H ions
carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide can be carried through blood in the forms of [blank], [blank] or [blank]
carbonic acid// bicarbonate// H ion
carbon dioxide is [blank] and not soluble while carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and H ions are [blank] and soluble
nonpolar// polar
