The Immune System Flashcards
the immune system can be divided into [blank] and [blank] immunity
innate// adaptive
[blank] immunity is composed of defenses that are always active, but that cannot target a specific invader and cannot maintain immunologic memory
innate immunity
innate immunity is also known as [blank] immunity
nonspecific immunity
[blank] immunity is composed of defenses that take time to activate, but that target a specific invader and can maintain immunologic memory
adaptive immuntiy
adaptive immunity is also known as [blank] immunity
specific
immune cells come from [blank]
bone marrow
the [blank] and [blank] are sites where immune responses can be mounted, and in which B-cells are activated
spleen// lymph nodes
the [blank] is the site of T-cell maturation
thymus
gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) includes [blank] and [blank]
tonsils// adenoids
GALT stands for…
gut-associated lymphoid tissue
[blank] are white blood cells
leukocytes
[blank] are involved in immune defenses
leukocytes
many of the [blank] defenses are noncellular
nonspecific
the [blank] acts as a physical barrier and secretes antimicrobial compounds like defensins
skin
[blank] on [blank] membranes trap pathogens
mucus// mucous
tears and saliva contain [blank], an antibacterial compound
lysozyme
the stomach produces [blank] to kill most pathogens
acid
[blank] of the gut helps prevent overgrowth by pathogenic bacteria through competition
colonization
the [blank] system can punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria, making them osmotically unstable
complement system
[blank] are given off by virally infected cells and help prevent viral replication and dispersion to nearby cells
interferons
many of the [blank] defenses are ALSO cellular
nonspecific
[blank] ingest pathogens and present them on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
macrophages
macrophages secrete [blank]
cytokines
[blank] is present in all nucleated cells and displays endogenous antigen to cytotoxic T-cells
MHC class I
MHC stands for…
major histocompatibility complex
[blank] are proteins from within the cell
endogenous antigen
[blank] is present in professional antigen-presenting cells and displays exogenous antigen to helper T-cells
MHC class II
antigen-presenting cells include…
macrophages, dendritic cells, some B-cells, and certain activated epithelial cells
[blank] are proteins from outside of the cell
exogenous antigens
[blank] cells are antigen-presenting cells in the skin
dendritic cells
[blank] cells attack cells not presenting MHC molecules, including virally infected cells and cancer cells
natural killer (NK) cells
[blank] include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
granulocytes
[blank] ingest bacteria, particularly opsonized bacteria (those marked with antibodies)
neutrophils
neutrophils can follow bacteria using [blank]
chemotaxis
[blank] are used in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections and release histamine
eosinophils
eosinophils release [blank] causing an inflammatory response
histamine
[blank] are used in allergic reactions and are related to mast cells
basophils
[blank] are cells related to basophils and are found on the skin
mast cells
[blank] is centered on antibody production by plasma cells which are activated by B-cells
humoral immunity
humoral immunity is activated by [blank] cells
B-cells
[blank] target a particular antigen
antibodies
antibodies contain two [blank] and two [blank]
heavy chains// light chains
antibodies have a [blank] region and a [blank] region
constant// variable
the tip of the variable region of an antibody is called the [blank]
antigen-binding region
when activated, the antigen-binding region undergoes [blank] to improve the specificity of the antibody produced
hypermutation
during hypermutation cells may be given signals to switch [blank] of antibody (IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA)
isotypes
circulation antibodies can [blank] pathogens, cause [blank] into insoluble complexes that are ingested by phagocytes, or [blank] pathogens
opsonize// agglutination// neutralize
[blank] marks pathogens for destruction
opsonize
[blank] is also referred to as pathogen clumping
agglutination
[blank] antibodies can activated immune cells or mediate allergic reactions
cell-surface antibodies
[blank] cells lie in wait for a second exposure to a pathogen and can then mount a more rapid and vigorous immune response or a secondary response
memory-B cells
[blank] immunity is centered on the function of T-cells
cell-mediated immunity
cell-mediated immunity is also known as [blank]
cytotoxic
T-cells undergo maturation in the thymus through [blank] and [blank]
positive selection// negative selection
[blank] selection is only selecting the T-cells that can react to antigen presented on MHC
positive selection
[blank] selection causes apoptosis in self-reactive T-cels
negative selection
the peptide hormone [blank] promotes T-cell development
thymosin
[blank] cells respond to antigen on MHC-II and coordinate the rest of the immune system
helper T-cells
helper T-cells secrete [blank] to active various arms of immune defense
lymphokines
Th1 cells secrete [blank] which activates macrophages
interferon gamma
Th2 cells activate [blank], primarily in parasitic infections
B-cells
[blank] cells respond to antigen on MHC-I and kill virally infected cells
cytotoxic t-cells
[blank] cells tone down the immune response after an infection and promote self-tolerance
suppressor T-cells
[blank] cells serve a similar function to memory-B cells
memory T-cells
in [blank] conditions, a self-antigen is identified as foreign, and the immune system attacks the body’s own cells
autoimmune condition
in [blank], nonthreatening exposures incite an inflammatory response
allergic reactions
immunization is a method of inducing [blank] immunity prior to exposure to a particular pathogen
active immunity
[blank] immunity is the transfer of antibodies to an individual
passive immunity
the [blank] system is a circulatory system that consists of one-way vessels with intermittent lymph nodes
lymphatic system
the lymphatic system connects to the cardiovascular system via the [blank] in the posterior chest
thoracic duct
the lymphatic system does these things…
- ) equalizes fluid distribution
- ) transports fats and fat-soluble compounds
- ) provides sites for mounting immune responses
