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mCAT Biology > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

the immune system can be divided into [blank] and [blank] immunity

A

innate// adaptive

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2
Q

[blank] immunity is composed of defenses that are always active, but that cannot target a specific invader and cannot maintain immunologic memory

A

innate immunity

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3
Q

innate immunity is also known as [blank] immunity

A

nonspecific immunity

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4
Q

[blank] immunity is composed of defenses that take time to activate, but that target a specific invader and can maintain immunologic memory

A

adaptive immuntiy

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5
Q

adaptive immunity is also known as [blank] immunity

A

specific

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6
Q

immune cells come from [blank]

A

bone marrow

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7
Q

the [blank] and [blank] are sites where immune responses can be mounted, and in which B-cells are activated

A

spleen// lymph nodes

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8
Q

the [blank] is the site of T-cell maturation

A

thymus

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9
Q

gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) includes [blank] and [blank]

A

tonsils// adenoids

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10
Q

GALT stands for…

A

gut-associated lymphoid tissue

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11
Q

[blank] are white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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12
Q

[blank] are involved in immune defenses

A

leukocytes

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13
Q

many of the [blank] defenses are noncellular

A

nonspecific

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14
Q

the [blank] acts as a physical barrier and secretes antimicrobial compounds like defensins

A

skin

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15
Q

[blank] on [blank] membranes trap pathogens

A

mucus// mucous

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16
Q

tears and saliva contain [blank], an antibacterial compound

A

lysozyme

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17
Q

the stomach produces [blank] to kill most pathogens

A

acid

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18
Q

[blank] of the gut helps prevent overgrowth by pathogenic bacteria through competition

A

colonization

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19
Q

the [blank] system can punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria, making them osmotically unstable

A

complement system

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20
Q

[blank] are given off by virally infected cells and help prevent viral replication and dispersion to nearby cells

A

interferons

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21
Q

many of the [blank] defenses are ALSO cellular

A

nonspecific

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22
Q

[blank] ingest pathogens and present them on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

A

macrophages

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23
Q

macrophages secrete [blank]

A

cytokines

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24
Q

[blank] is present in all nucleated cells and displays endogenous antigen to cytotoxic T-cells

A

MHC class I

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25
Q

MHC stands for…

A

major histocompatibility complex

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26
Q

[blank] are proteins from within the cell

A

endogenous antigen

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27
Q

[blank] is present in professional antigen-presenting cells and displays exogenous antigen to helper T-cells

A

MHC class II

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28
Q

antigen-presenting cells include…

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, some B-cells, and certain activated epithelial cells

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29
Q

[blank] are proteins from outside of the cell

A

exogenous antigens

30
Q

[blank] cells are antigen-presenting cells in the skin

A

dendritic cells

31
Q

[blank] cells attack cells not presenting MHC molecules, including virally infected cells and cancer cells

A

natural killer (NK) cells

32
Q

[blank] include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

A

granulocytes

33
Q

[blank] ingest bacteria, particularly opsonized bacteria (those marked with antibodies)

A

neutrophils

34
Q

neutrophils can follow bacteria using [blank]

A

chemotaxis

35
Q

[blank] are used in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections and release histamine

A

eosinophils

36
Q

eosinophils release [blank] causing an inflammatory response

A

histamine

37
Q

[blank] are used in allergic reactions and are related to mast cells

A

basophils

38
Q

[blank] are cells related to basophils and are found on the skin

A

mast cells

39
Q

[blank] is centered on antibody production by plasma cells which are activated by B-cells

A

humoral immunity

40
Q

humoral immunity is activated by [blank] cells

A

B-cells

41
Q

[blank] target a particular antigen

A

antibodies

42
Q

antibodies contain two [blank] and two [blank]

A

heavy chains// light chains

43
Q

antibodies have a [blank] region and a [blank] region

A

constant// variable

44
Q

the tip of the variable region of an antibody is called the [blank]

A

antigen-binding region

45
Q

when activated, the antigen-binding region undergoes [blank] to improve the specificity of the antibody produced

A

hypermutation

46
Q

during hypermutation cells may be given signals to switch [blank] of antibody (IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA)

A

isotypes

47
Q

circulation antibodies can [blank] pathogens, cause [blank] into insoluble complexes that are ingested by phagocytes, or [blank] pathogens

A

opsonize// agglutination// neutralize

48
Q

[blank] marks pathogens for destruction

A

opsonize

49
Q

[blank] is also referred to as pathogen clumping

A

agglutination

50
Q

[blank] antibodies can activated immune cells or mediate allergic reactions

A

cell-surface antibodies

51
Q

[blank] cells lie in wait for a second exposure to a pathogen and can then mount a more rapid and vigorous immune response or a secondary response

A

memory-B cells

52
Q

[blank] immunity is centered on the function of T-cells

A

cell-mediated immunity

53
Q

cell-mediated immunity is also known as [blank]

A

cytotoxic

54
Q

T-cells undergo maturation in the thymus through [blank] and [blank]

A

positive selection// negative selection

55
Q

[blank] selection is only selecting the T-cells that can react to antigen presented on MHC

A

positive selection

56
Q

[blank] selection causes apoptosis in self-reactive T-cels

A

negative selection

57
Q

the peptide hormone [blank] promotes T-cell development

A

thymosin

58
Q

[blank] cells respond to antigen on MHC-II and coordinate the rest of the immune system

A

helper T-cells

59
Q

helper T-cells secrete [blank] to active various arms of immune defense

A

lymphokines

60
Q

Th1 cells secrete [blank] which activates macrophages

A

interferon gamma

61
Q

Th2 cells activate [blank], primarily in parasitic infections

A

B-cells

62
Q

[blank] cells respond to antigen on MHC-I and kill virally infected cells

A

cytotoxic t-cells

63
Q

[blank] cells tone down the immune response after an infection and promote self-tolerance

A

suppressor T-cells

64
Q

[blank] cells serve a similar function to memory-B cells

A

memory T-cells

65
Q

in [blank] conditions, a self-antigen is identified as foreign, and the immune system attacks the body’s own cells

A

autoimmune condition

66
Q

in [blank], nonthreatening exposures incite an inflammatory response

A

allergic reactions

67
Q

immunization is a method of inducing [blank] immunity prior to exposure to a particular pathogen

A

active immunity

68
Q

[blank] immunity is the transfer of antibodies to an individual

A

passive immunity

69
Q

the [blank] system is a circulatory system that consists of one-way vessels with intermittent lymph nodes

A

lymphatic system

70
Q

the lymphatic system connects to the cardiovascular system via the [blank] in the posterior chest

A

thoracic duct

71
Q

the lymphatic system does these things…

A
  1. ) equalizes fluid distribution
  2. ) transports fats and fat-soluble compounds
  3. ) provides sites for mounting immune responses

mCAT Biology (13 decks)

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