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mCAT Biology > The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

there are three main types of muscle

A
  1. ) skeletal
  2. ) smooth
  3. ) cardiac
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2
Q

[blank] muscle is involved in support and movement, propulsion of blood in the venous system, and thermoregulation

A

skeletal muscle

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3
Q

skeletal muscle appears [blank]

A

striated

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4
Q

skeletal muscle is under [blank] control and is [blank]

A

somatic control// polynucleated

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5
Q

skeletal muscle can be divided into [blank] and [blank]

A

red fibers// white fibers

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6
Q

[blank] are slow twitch and carry out oxidative phosphorylation

A

red fibers

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7
Q

[blank] are fast-twitch that rely on anaerobic metabolism

A

white fibers

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8
Q

[blank] muscle is in the respiratory, reproductive, cardiovascular, and digestive systems

A

smooth muscle

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9
Q

smooth muscle is [blank] and is under [blank] control and is [blank]

A

nonstriated// voluntary control/ unucleated

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10
Q

cells within smooth muscle are connects with [blank] that contain [blank]

A

intercalacted discs// gap junctions

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11
Q

the [blank] is the basic contractile unit of striated muscle

A

sarcomere

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12
Q

[blank] are made of thick/ myosin and thin/actin filaments

A

sarcomeres

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13
Q

[blank] and [blank] are found on the thin filaments and regulate actin-myosin interactions

A

troponin// tropomyosin

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14
Q

the sarcomere can be divided into different [blank], [blank], [blank]

A

lines// zones// bands

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15
Q

the boundaries of each sarcomere are defined by [blank]

A

Z-lines

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16
Q

the [blank] is located in the middle of the sarcomere

A

M-line

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17
Q

the [blank] contains only thin filaments

A

I-band

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18
Q

the [blank] consists of only thick filaments

A

H-zone

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19
Q

the [blank] contains the thick filaments in their entirety; its the only part of the sarcomere that maintains a constant size during contraction

A

A-band

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20
Q

sarcomeres attach end-to-end to become [blank]

A

myofibrils

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21
Q

each [blank] contains many myofibrils

A

myocyte

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22
Q

myofibrils are surrounded by the [blank]

A

sarcoplasmic recticulum

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23
Q

cell membrane of a myocyte is known as the [blank]

A

sarcolemma

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24
Q

a system of [blank] is connected to the sarcolemma and oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils, allowing the action potential to reach all parts of the muscle

A

t-tubules

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25
muscle contraction begins at the [blank], where the motor neuron releases acetylcholine that binds to receptors on the sarcolemma, causing depolarization
neuromuscular junction
26
muscle cells exhibit an all-or-nothing response called a [blank]
simple twitch
27
addition of multiple simple twitches before the muscle has an opportunity to fully relax is called [blank]
frequency summation
28
simple twitches that occur so frequently as to not let the muscle relax at all can lead to [blank]
tetanus
29
muscle cells have additional energy reserves to reduce [blank]
oxygen debt
30
[blank] is the difference between the amount of oxygen needed and the amount present
oxygen debt
31
[blank] can transfer a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP
creatine phosphate
32
[blank] is a heme-containing protein that is a muscular oxygen reserve
myoglobin
33
internal skeletons (such as in humans) are called [blank]
endoskeletons
34
external skeletons (such s in arthropods) are called [blank]
exoskeletons
35
the human skeletal system can be divided into [blank] and [blank] skeletons
axial// appendicular
36
the [blank] consists of structures in the midline such as the skull vertebral column, ribcage, hyoid bone
axial skeleton
37
the [blank] consists of bones of the limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvis
appendicular skeleton
38
bone is derived from [blank]
embryonic mesoderm
39
bone has [blank] and [blank] types
compact// spongy
40
[blank] bone provides strength and is dense
compact
41
[blank] bone has a lattic-like structure consisting of bony spicules known as trabeculae
spongy
42
spongy bone is also known as [blank]
cancellous
43
long bones contain shafts called [blank]
diaphyses
44
the epiphysis contains an [blank] that causes linear growth of the bone
epiphyseal (growth) plates
45
diaphyses flare to form [blank] and terminate in [blank]
metaphyses// epiphyses
46
bone is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called [blank]
periosteum
47
bones are attached to muscles by [blank]
tendons
48
bones are attached to bones by [blank]
ligaments
49
[blank] has both organic components like collagen, glycoproteins, and other peptides
bone matrix
50
bone is organized into concentric rings called [blank] around a central [blank]
lamellae// haversian or volksmann's canal
51
the structural unit is called an [blank]
osteon
52
between lamellar rings are [blank], where osteocytes reside, which as connected with [blank] to allow for nutrient and waste transfer
lacunae// canaliculi
53
bone remodeling is carried out by [blank] and [blank]
osteoblasts// osteoclates
54
[blank] build bone
osteoblasts
55
[blank] resorb bone
osteoclats
56
[blank] increases resorption of bone, increasing calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood
parathyroid hormone
57
[blank] increase resorption of bone, leading to increases turnover, and production of a stronger bone
vitamin D
58
[blank] increases bone formation, decreasing calcium concentrations in the blood
calcitonin
59
[blank] is a firm elastic material
cartilage
60
cartilage is secreted by [blank]
chondrocytes
61
cartilage matrix is called [blank]
chondrin
62
cartilage is [blank] and is not innervated
avascular
63
in fetal life, bone forms from cartilage through [blank]
endochondral ossification
64
joints may be classified as [blank] or [blank]
immovable// moveable
65
[blank] joints are fused together to form sutures or similar fibrous joints
immovable joints
66
[blank] joints are usually strengthened by ligaments and contains a synovial capsule
movable joints
67
[blank], secreted by the synovium, aids in motion by lubricating the joint
synovial fluid
68
each bone in the joint is coated with [blank] to aid in movement and provide cushioning
articular cartilage
69
muscles that serve opposite function come in [blank]; when one muscle contracts, the other lengthens
antagonistic pairs
70
antagonistis pairs means...
when one muscle contracts, the other lengthens

mCAT Biology (13 decks)

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