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mCAT Biology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

the [blank] system serves many functions, including the regulation of blood pressure, blood osmolarity, acid-base balance, and removal of nitrogenous wastes

A

the excretory system

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2
Q

the excretory system does…

A
  1. ) regulation of blood pressure
  2. ) blood osmolarity
  3. ) acid-base balance
  4. ) removal of nitrogenous wastes
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3
Q

the [blank] produces urine

A

kidney

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4
Q

urine flows through the [blank] at the renal pelvis

A

ureter

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5
Q

urine is collected in the [blank]

A

bladder

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6
Q

urine is excreted through the [blank]

A

urethra

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7
Q

the kidney contains a [blank] and a [blank]

A

cortex// medulla

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8
Q

each kidney has a [blank] which contains a renal artery, renal vein, and ureter

A

hilum

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9
Q

the kidney contains a [blank] system with two capillary beds in series

A

portal system

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10
Q

blood from the renal arteries flows into the [blank], which form glomeruli in Bowman’s capsule

A

afferent arterioles

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11
Q

the first capillary bed is called [blank]

A

Bowman’s capsule

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12
Q

blood flows from the efferent arteriole to the [blank]

A

vasa recta

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13
Q

blood flow in the portal system

A

renal artery –> afferent arterioles –> efferent arteriole –> vasa recta –> renal vein

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14
Q

the bladder has a muscular lining known as the [blank] muscle

A

detrusor muscle

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15
Q

the detrusor muscle is under [blank] control

A

parasympathetic

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16
Q

the bladder contains two muscular [blank]

A

sphincters

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17
Q

the [blank] sphincter consists of smooth muscle and is under involuntary/ parasympathetic control

A

internal urethral sphincter

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18
Q

the [blank] sphincter consists of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control

A

external urethral sphincter

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19
Q

the kidney participates through solute movement through…

A
  1. ) filtration
  2. ) secretion
  3. ) reabsorption
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20
Q

[blank] is the movement of solutes fro blood to filtrate at Bowman’s capsule

A

filtration

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21
Q

the direction and rate of filtration is determined by [blank]

A

Starling forces

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22
Q

[blank] is the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere other than Bowman’s capsule

A

secretion

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23
Q

[blank] is the movement of solutes from filtrate to blood

A

reabsorption

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24
Q

the [blank] is the site of bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and water. It is also the site of secretion for H ions, K ions, ammonia, and urea

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

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25
Q

the [blank] is permeable to water but not salt; therefore as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is absorbed from the filtrate

A

descending limb of the loop of Henle

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26
Q

the vasa recta and nephron flow in opposite directions, creating a [blank] system that allows maximal reabsorption of water

A

countercurrent multiplier system

27
Q

the [blank] is permeable to salt but not water; therefore salt is reabsorbed both passively and activley

A

ascending limb of the loop of Henle

28
Q

the [blank] is in the outer medulla

A

diluting segment

29
Q

the [blank] is responsive to aldosterone and is a site of salt reabsorption and waste product excretion

A

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

30
Q

the [blank] is responsive to both aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone and has variable permeability, which allows reabsorption of the right amount of water depending on the body’s needs

A

collecting duct

31
Q

the kidney is under [blank] control

A

hormonal

32
Q

[blank] is a steroid hormone regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct , thereby increasing water reabsorption

A

aldosterone

33
Q

[blank] is a peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH/ vasopressin)

34
Q

the kidney can regulated [blank] by selective reabsorption or secretion of biocarbonate or H ions

A

pH

35
Q

the [blank] acts as a barrier, protecting us from the elements and invasion by pathogens

A

skin

36
Q

the skin is composed of three major layers

A
  1. ) hypodermis
  2. ) dermis
  3. ) epidermis
37
Q

the epidermis is composed of five layers

A
  1. ) stratum basale
  2. ) stratum spinosum
  3. ) stratum granulousum
  4. ) stratum lucidum
  5. ) stratum corneum
38
Q

the stratum basale contains [blank] that proliferate to form keratinocytes

A

stem cells

39
Q

[blank] produce melanin

A

melanocytes

40
Q

[blank] protects the skin from DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation

A

melanin

41
Q

[blank] cells are special macrophages that serve as antigen-presenting cells in the skin

A

langerhaus ells

42
Q

the dermis is composed of two layers

A
  1. ) papillary layer

2. ) reticular layer

43
Q

sensory cells located in the dermis

A
  1. ) Merkel cells
  2. ) free nerve endings
  3. ) Meissner’s corpuscles
  4. ) Ruffini endings
  5. ) Pacinian endings
44
Q

[blank] cells are sensory cells for deep pressure and texture

A

Merkel cells

45
Q

[blank] cells are sensory cells for pain

A

free nerve endings

46
Q

[blank] are sensory cells for light touch

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

47
Q

[blank] are sensory cells for stretch

A

Ruffini endings

48
Q

[blank] are sensory cells for deep pressure and vibration

A

Pacinian corpsucles

49
Q

the [blank] contains fat and connective tissue and connects the skin to the rest of the body

A

hypodermis

50
Q

the skin is important for [blank] or the maintenance of a constant internal temperature

A

thermoregulation

51
Q

cooling mechanisms include [blank], which draws heat from the body through evaporation of water from sweat, and vasodilation

A

sweating

52
Q

sweat glands are innervated by [blank] neurons

A

postganglionic cholinergic sympathetic neurons

53
Q

warming mechanisms include…

A
  1. ) pilocerection (goosebumps)
  2. ) vasocontriction
  3. ) shivering
  4. ) insulation
54
Q

[blank] is which arrector pili muscles contract, causing hairs to stand on end, trapping a layer of warmed air around the skin

A

pilocerection or goosebumps

55
Q

skin also prevents [blank] and salt loss from the body

A

dehydration

56
Q

excretory pathway

A

bowman’s space –> proximal covoluted tube –> descending limb of the loop of Henle –> ascending limb of the loop of Henle –> distal convoluted tube –> collecting duct –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> bladder –> urethra

57
Q

renal vascular pathway

A

renal artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> vasa recta –> renal vein

58
Q

the [blank] is the kidney’s outermost layer

A

cortex

59
Q

the [blank] of the kidney sits within the cortex

A

medulla

60
Q

[blank] pressure is the “sucking” pressure that draws water into the vasculature caused by all dissolved particles

A

osmotic pressure

61
Q

[blank] pressure is the osmotic pressure that is attributable to dissolved proteins specifically

A

oncotic pressure

62
Q

the [blank] system is the major regulator of blood pH

A

bicarbonate buffer system

63
Q

the hypodermis is also known as the [blank] layer

A

subcutaneous layer

mCAT Biology (13 decks)

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