Homeostasis

Question 1

the [blank] system serves many functions, including the regulation of blood pressure, blood osmolarity, acid-base balance, and removal of nitrogenous wastes

Answer 1

the excretory system

Question 2

the excretory system does…

Answer 2

1. ) regulation of blood pressure
2. ) blood osmolarity
3. ) acid-base balance
4. ) removal of nitrogenous wastes

Question 3

the [blank] produces urine

Answer 3

kidney

Question 4

urine flows through the [blank] at the renal pelvis

Answer 4

ureter

Question 5

urine is collected in the [blank]

Answer 5

bladder

Question 6

urine is excreted through the [blank]

Answer 6

urethra

Question 7

the kidney contains a [blank] and a [blank]

Answer 7

cortex// medulla

Question 8

each kidney has a [blank] which contains a renal artery, renal vein, and ureter

Answer 8

hilum

Question 9

the kidney contains a [blank] system with two capillary beds in series

Answer 9

portal system

Question 10

blood from the renal arteries flows into the [blank], which form glomeruli in Bowman’s capsule

Answer 10

afferent arterioles

Question 11

the first capillary bed is called [blank]

Answer 11

Bowman’s capsule

Question 12

blood flows from the efferent arteriole to the [blank]

Answer 12

vasa recta

Question 13

blood flow in the portal system

Answer 13

renal artery –> afferent arterioles –> efferent arteriole –> vasa recta –> renal vein

Question 14

the bladder has a muscular lining known as the [blank] muscle

Answer 14

detrusor muscle

Question 15

the detrusor muscle is under [blank] control

Answer 15

parasympathetic

Question 16

the bladder contains two muscular [blank]

Answer 16

sphincters

Question 17

the [blank] sphincter consists of smooth muscle and is under involuntary/ parasympathetic control

Answer 17

internal urethral sphincter

Question 18

the [blank] sphincter consists of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control

Answer 18

external urethral sphincter

Question 19

the kidney participates through solute movement through…

Answer 19

1. ) filtration
2. ) secretion
3. ) reabsorption

Question 20

[blank] is the movement of solutes fro blood to filtrate at Bowman’s capsule

Answer 20

filtration

Question 21

the direction and rate of filtration is determined by [blank]

Answer 21

Starling forces

Question 22

[blank] is the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere other than Bowman’s capsule

Answer 22

secretion

Question 23

[blank] is the movement of solutes from filtrate to blood

Answer 23

reabsorption

Question 24

the [blank] is the site of bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and water. It is also the site of secretion for H ions, K ions, ammonia, and urea

Answer 24

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Question 25

the [blank] is permeable to water but not salt; therefore as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is absorbed from the filtrate

Answer 25

descending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 26

the vasa recta and nephron flow in opposite directions, creating a [blank] system that allows maximal reabsorption of water

Answer 26

countercurrent multiplier system

Question 27

the [blank] is permeable to salt but not water; therefore salt is reabsorbed both passively and activley

Answer 27

ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 28

the [blank] is in the outer medulla

Answer 28

diluting segment

Question 29

the [blank] is responsive to aldosterone and is a site of salt reabsorption and waste product excretion

Answer 29

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Question 30

the [blank] is responsive to both aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone and has variable permeability, which allows reabsorption of the right amount of water depending on the body's needs

Answer 30

collecting duct

Question 31

the kidney is under [blank] control

Answer 31

hormonal

Question 32

[blank] is a steroid hormone regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct , thereby increasing water reabsorption

Answer 32

aldosterone

Question 33

[blank] is a peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary

Answer 33

antidiuretic hormone (ADH/ vasopressin)

Question 34

the kidney can regulated [blank] by selective reabsorption or secretion of biocarbonate or H ions

Answer 34

pH

Question 35

the [blank] acts as a barrier, protecting us from the elements and invasion by pathogens

Answer 35

skin

Question 36

the skin is composed of three major layers

Answer 36

1. ) hypodermis 2. ) dermis 3. ) epidermis

Question 37

the epidermis is composed of five layers

Answer 37

1. ) stratum basale 2. ) stratum spinosum 3. ) stratum granulousum 4. ) stratum lucidum 5. ) stratum corneum

Question 38

the stratum basale contains [blank] that proliferate to form keratinocytes

Answer 38

stem cells

Question 39

[blank] produce melanin

Answer 39

melanocytes

Question 40

[blank] protects the skin from DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation

Answer 40

melanin

Question 41

[blank] cells are special macrophages that serve as antigen-presenting cells in the skin

Answer 41

langerhaus ells

Question 42

the dermis is composed of two layers

Answer 42

1. ) papillary layer | 2. ) reticular layer

Question 43

sensory cells located in the dermis

Answer 43

1. ) Merkel cells 2. ) free nerve endings 3. ) Meissner's corpuscles 4. ) Ruffini endings 5. ) Pacinian endings

Question 44

[blank] cells are sensory cells for deep pressure and texture

Answer 44

Merkel cells

Question 45

[blank] cells are sensory cells for pain

Answer 45

free nerve endings

Question 46

[blank] are sensory cells for light touch

Answer 46

Meissner's corpuscles

Question 47

[blank] are sensory cells for stretch

Answer 47

Ruffini endings

Question 48

[blank] are sensory cells for deep pressure and vibration

Answer 48

Pacinian corpsucles

Question 49

the [blank] contains fat and connective tissue and connects the skin to the rest of the body

Answer 49

hypodermis

Question 50

the skin is important for [blank] or the maintenance of a constant internal temperature

Answer 50

thermoregulation

Question 51

cooling mechanisms include [blank], which draws heat from the body through evaporation of water from sweat, and vasodilation

Answer 51

sweating

Question 52

sweat glands are innervated by [blank] neurons

Answer 52

postganglionic cholinergic sympathetic neurons

Question 53

warming mechanisms include...

Answer 53

1. ) pilocerection (goosebumps) 2. ) vasocontriction 3. ) shivering 4. ) insulation

Question 54

[blank] is which arrector pili muscles contract, causing hairs to stand on end, trapping a layer of warmed air around the skin

Answer 54

pilocerection or goosebumps

Question 55

skin also prevents [blank] and salt loss from the body

Answer 55

dehydration

Question 56

excretory pathway

Answer 56

bowman's space --> proximal covoluted tube --> descending limb of the loop of Henle --> ascending limb of the loop of Henle --> distal convoluted tube --> collecting duct --> renal pelvis --> ureter --> bladder --> urethra

Question 57

renal vascular pathway

Answer 57

renal artery --> afferent arteriole --> glomerulus --> efferent arteriole --> vasa recta --> renal vein

Question 58

the [blank] is the kidney's outermost layer

Answer 58

cortex

Question 59

the [blank] of the kidney sits within the cortex

Answer 59

medulla

Question 60

[blank] pressure is the "sucking" pressure that draws water into the vasculature caused by all dissolved particles

Answer 60

osmotic pressure

Question 61

[blank] pressure is the osmotic pressure that is attributable to dissolved proteins specifically

Answer 61

oncotic pressure

Question 62

the [blank] system is the major regulator of blood pH

Answer 62

bicarbonate buffer system

Question 63

the hypodermis is also known as the [blank] layer

Answer 63

subcutaneous layer