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A Level PE Anatomy & Physiology > the respiratory system > Flashcards

the respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

the pathway of air:

A

nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi and bronchioles -> alveoli

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2
Q

what are the 2 main functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation - the inspiration and expiration of air
  2. gaseous exchange - external respiration = the movement of oxygen into the bloodstream and co2 into the lungs - internal respiration = the release of oxygen respiring cell for energy production and collection of waste products
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3
Q

what is the relationship between breathing frequency, tidal volume and minute ventilation

A

minute ventilation = tidal volume x breathing frequency

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4
Q

what was the average values at rest of breathing frequency

A

12 breathes per minute

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5
Q

what was the average values at rest of tidal volume

A

0.5 litres

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6
Q

what was the average values at rest of minute ventilation

A

6 l/min

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7
Q

what is the value for endurance athletes of breathing frequency

A

10 breathes per minute

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8
Q

what is the value for endurance athletes of tidal volume

A

0.5 litres

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9
Q

what is the value for endurance athletes of minute ventilation

A

5 l/min - respiratory system is more efficient

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10
Q

what is the definition of breathing frequency

A

the amount of breaths taken per minute
units = breath peer minute

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11
Q

what is the definition of tidal volume

A

the amount of air per breath
units = ml

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12
Q

what is the definition of minute ventilation

A

the volume of air inspired or expired per minute
units = l/min

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13
Q

what happens in terms of the mechanics of breathing with inspiration

A

When we inhale the intercostal muscles (between the ribs) and diaphragm contract to expand the chest cavity. The diaphragm flattens and moves downwards and the intercostal muscles move the rib cage upwards and out. This increase in size decreases the internal air pressure and so air from the outside (at a now higher pressure than inside the thorax) rushes into the lungs to equalise the pressures.

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14
Q

what happens in terms of the mechanics of breathing with expiration

A

When we exhale the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and return to their resting positions. This reduces the size of the thoracic cavity, thereby increasing the pressure and forcing air out of the lungs.

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15
Q

what is the tidal volume on a spirometer

A

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle. It measures around 500 mL in an average healthy adult male and approximately 400 mL in a healthy female.

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16
Q

what is the inspiration reserve volume on a spirometer

A

The extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort after reaching the end of a normal, quiet inspiration

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17
Q

what is the expiratory reserve volume on a spirometer

A

The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration

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18
Q

what is the vital capacity on a spirometer

A

the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.

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19
Q

what is the residual volume on a spirometer

A

the volume of air that cannot be expelled from the lungs, thus causing the alveoli to remain open at all times.

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20
Q

what is the total lung capacity on a spirometer

A

the volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration

21
Q

how do we increase breathing depth and rate (during exercise) for inspiration

A

we recruit two additional muscles to allow us to increase the depth of breathing:
-sternocleidomastoid -> muscle in the neck attached to the sternum. Helps lift the rib cage higher
-pectoralis minor -> muscle in the chest, attached to top of rib cage helps lift rib cage higher
= result is the volume of the thoracic cavity increases more than at rest and therefore larger pressure difference and more air rushes in

22
Q

how do we increase breathing depth and rate (during exercise) for expiration

A

two muscles which help increase the pressure on the thoracic cavity:
-internal intercostals -> muscle on the inside of the rib cage, helps squeeze the ribs back towards the lungs
-rectus abdominus -> abdominal muscles work in conjunction with diaphragm to squeeze the lungs from below
= result in the volume of the thoracic cavity is decreased more than at rest and therefore more pressure is put on the lungs and more air rushes out.

23
Q

what is the respiratory control centre (RCC)

A

situated in the brain and controls respiration rate depth

24
Q

what is the inspiratory centre (IC)

A

the part of the RCC that controls inspiration

25
Q

what is the expiratory centre (EC)

A

the part of the RCC that controls expiration

26
Q

what is the phrenic nerve

A

the nerve that stimulates the diaphragm to contract

27
Q

what is the intercostal nerve

A

the nerve that stimulates the external intercostals to contract

28
Q

how do the RCC, EC, IC all work together to allow breathing

A
  1. the bodies neural and chemical control detect changes (chemo, bar etc)
  2. these then inform the rcc which controls the IC and the EC
  3. the IC increases stimulation of the phrenic and intercostal nerves so the diaphragm and intercostals contract with more force. This also stimulates the additional muscles ( sterno.. & pectorals minor) to contract. Volume of chest cavity increase pressure drops, air rushes in.
29
Q

what is the definition of gaseous exchange

A

the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the lungs and at the muscles by the process of diffusion

30
Q

what is the definition of diffusion

A

the movement of gas down a diffusion gradient from am area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure

31
Q

what is the diffusion gradient

A

the difference between the two pressures. The diffusion gradient is like a slide and the gases travel from top to bottom. ( steepness -> slower, faster)

32
Q

what is the definition of partial pressure

A

the pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of gases. Can be written ppo2 or ppco2

33
Q

what are the two types of gaseous exchange that occur

A

external respiration and internal respiration

34
Q

where do the two types happen

A

external - at the lungs
internal - at the muscles

35
Q

what is the gaseous exchange between

A

external - alveoli and capillaries
internal - capillaries and muscles

36
Q

the movement of o2

A

external - from: alveoli
to: capillaries
internal - from: capillaries
to: muscles

37
Q

the movement of co2

A

external - from: capillaries
to: alveoli
internal - from: the muscles
to: the capillaries

38
Q

how does the oxygen move during gaseous exchange

A

external - there is a higher ppO2 in the alveoli than the blood. O2 travels down diffusion gradient into blood
internal - higher ppCO2 in the blood than in the muscles . CO2 moves down the diffusion gradient into the muscles

39
Q

how does the carbon dioxide move during gaseous exchange

A

external - higher ppco2 in blood than alveoli o2 travels down diffusion gradient into alveoli
internal - higher ppCO2 in the muscle than blood. Co2 travels down the diffusion gradient into the blood

40
Q

describe the effect of exercise on gaseous exchange at the alveoli (4marks)

A

more oxygen is used during exercise so the deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs has a lower pp02 than at rest. Therefore there is a steeper diffusion gradient between alveoli and blood. This causes a faster and more efficient gaseous exchange and more 02 moves from the alveoli and combines with the haemoglobin in the blood.
muscles are producing more Co2 during exercise. Deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs has a higher ppCo2 than at rest. therefore there is a steeper gradient between the blood and the alveoli. This causes faster and more efficient gaseous exchange and more Co2 moves from the blood into alveoli to be expired.

41
Q

what is the definition of association

A

when 02 combines with haemoglobin through diffusion at the lungs to give oxyhemoglobin.

41
Q

what is the definition of saturated

A

the amount of oxygen combined with haemoglobin usually expressed as a % and depends on pp02. haemoglobin is 100% saturated at lungs

42
Q

what is the definition of disassociation

A

when 02 releases from haemoglobin through diffusion at the muscles

43
Q

what is the definition of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

shows us the relationship between pp02 and % saturation of haemoglobin

44
Q

what is the definition of affinity

A

how much the 02 wants to associate. 02 will associate slowly so start with and then increase

45
Q

the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve at rest

A
  • at the lungs haemoglobin is 100% saturated with 02
  • at the muscles haemoglobin is 75% saturated with 02
  • at rest, 25% of 02 dissociates with haemoglobin and diffuses into muscles
46
Q

the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve during exercise

A

the curve changes and moves
-> this is because during exercise we increase the levels of co2 in the blood and therefore this lowers the affinity of the 02 with the haemoglobin
- it takes longer for association to take place and therefore longer for the graph to show 100% saturation

47
Q

what happens to the oxyhemoglobin curve as exercise intensity increases

A
  1. oxygen -
    > the muscles are using more 02, so decreased pp02 inside the muscle. Therefore there is a steeper diffusion gradient between the blood and muscle. This causes more 02 to dissociate from haemoglobin.
  2. carbon dioxide -
    > the muscles are producing more co2, so increased ppco2 inside the muscles. Therefore there is a steeper diffusion gradient between the muscle and blood. This causes more co2 to diffuse into the blood.
  3. Body Temperature -
    > the BT increases, o2 is more likely to dissociate from the haemoglobin
  4. Acidity -
    > lactic acid and carbonic acid increases acidity levels in the blood. This makes o2 more likely to dissociate haemoglobin. when acidity increases.
48
Q
A

A Level PE Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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