energy for exercise Flashcards
what is adenosine triphosphate
a high energy compound which is our only immediately available source of energy for muscular contraction stored in all cells
what is an enzyme
biological catalyst which increases the speed of chemical reactions
what is ATPase
an enzyme which catalysts the breakdown of ATP
what is an exothermic reaction
a chemical reaction which releases energy
what is an endothermic reaction
a chemical reaction which absorbs energy
what is adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
a compound formed by the removal of phosphate bond from ATP
energy?
the ability to perform an action
summary of ATP in our bodies
- created by metabolism process of food
- once chemical energy is broken down into potential energy, it is stored as ATP in the muscles
- ATP is the molecule of the chemicals, one adenosine + 3 phosphates -> when this is broken down, due to exposure to ATPase, it creates adenosine diphosphate + phosphate and energy
- energy produced lasts 2-3 seconds
- the ATP can be resynthesised by using surrounding energy through one of the three systems
- stored in all muscle cells
- reversible
- exothermic
the 3 energy systems in terms of ATP
- depending on the intensity and duration of activity, one energy system will dominate the resynthesise of ATP
- if ATP fails to be resynthesised quick enough, there will be no energy released and fatigue will set in quickly
- the three systems are ATP-PC, glycolytic, aerobic
what is the ATP-PC system summary
anaerobic
lasts 10 - 15 secs max
short sharp movements
sarcoplasm is the site of reaction ]
phosphocreatine is the food fuel used
creatine kinase is the enzyme
1 mole of PC creates 1 mole of ATP = yield
2 stages
no by-products
very high intensity
EXPLAIN THE ATP-PC systems equations
ATP –> ADP + Pi + ENERGY is the equation of how ATP is broken down by atpase enzyme. into adenosine diphosphate, a phosphate ion and energy so is an exothermic reaction. phosphocreatine (which is the fuel for ATP-PC system) is broken down by creatine kinase into a phosphate ion, creatine and energy. the ADP + Pi + energy from these two systems are resynthesised to make another ADP which allows for a coupled endothermic reaction.
advantages of ATP - PC system
there are no by-products produced, a quick process as not waiting for oxygen, used for explosive movements, PC resynthesis quickly so recovery time small
disadvantages of ATP-PC system
can only be used for 10-12 seconds, can’t be used for endurance events, PC storage in muscles is limited, low energy output from input, low ATP yield
how does the glycolysis system work
occurs in the muscles sarcoplasm. The muscle/liver glycogen is broken down by GPP into glucose which is then broken down by the enzyme PFK into pryuvic acid. This then either combines with energy to make 2 ATP and then with the waste the enzyme LDH breaks it down into lactic acid and stops the enzymes working and breaking down further.
what is the ATP yield of the glycolysis system
2ATP:1GLYCOGEN
advantages of the glycolysis system
high intensity activities, not waiting for oxygen so a quicker reaction, higher energy yield, due to high stores of glycogen the system can provide more energy for resynthesis than the ATP-PC system.
disadvantages of glycolysis
harmful by-product of lactic acid, lactic acid raises muscle acidity levels which slows enzyme production causing fatigue
what events is the atp-pc system going to be used
sprints, Powerlifting, or throwing events such as the Javelin, Shot Put, or Discus throw
what events is the glycolysis system used
exercise lasting from 15 seconds to three minutes. 800m
what 3 stages does the aerobic system consist of?
- aerobic glycolosis
- Krebs cycle
- electron transport chain
what happens during stage 1 (aerobic glycolysis)
muscle glycogen is broken down by GPP into glucose which is then broken down by PFK into pyruvic acid which then combines with coenzyme A to produce acetyl coenzyme A. pryuvic acid and energy produce 2 ATP. this stage happens in the sarcoplasm and by the end the acetyl coenzyme A moves into the mitochondria
what happens during stage 2 (Krebs cycle)
acetyle coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetic in the mitochondria which produces citric acid. Krebs cycle is when you inhale c02 it is being produced & removed and then hydrogen atoms are produced which then means 2 ATP are produced and then there is regeneration of oxaloacetic acid to combine with acetyl coenzyme A.
how many ATP do you have after the first 2 stages
4 ATP
what happens during stage 3 (electron transport chain)
a hydrogen atom combines with NAD&FAD (hydrogen carriers) to create NADH & FADH
