The Respiatory System Flashcards
Epiglottis
Stops food getting into lungs when you swallow
Nasally passages
Warm, clean and add moisture to air
Oesophagus
Carries food to stomach
Laryx
Voice box
Left bronchus
Carries air to lungs
Trachea
Tube with incomplete rings of cartilage carries air to lungs, lined with cells making mucus, and cells with cilia height move mucus away from the lungs
Bronchioles
Carries air to lungs
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs adapted for gaseous exchange
Diaphragm
Sheet of muscle with fibrous middle part which is domes, it helps make breathing movements and soee rates the thorax from the abdomen
Ribs
Bones that protect and ventilate the lungs
External intercostal muscles
Pulls ribs up and out when you breathe in
Internal intercostal muscles
Pulls ribs down and in when you breathe out
Pleural fluid
Liquid filling pleural cavity and acting as lubrication, so surfaces of the lungs don’t stick to the inside of the chest wall
Pleural membranes
Thin moist membranes forming an airtight seal around lungs and separating the inside of the thorax from the lungs
Where does the pulmonary artery lead
Heart –> lungs
What does the pulmonary vein connect
Lungs –> heart
SA adaptions in respiratory system
Folded shape to increase the surface area which increases the rate of diffusion
Concentration gradient daptions in respiratory system
Alveolus- more O2 less CO2
Capillary- less O2 less CO2
Bloods is always flowing and this concentration gradient is maintained
Composition of air inhaled
21% O2 0.03% CO2 78% N Variable H2O Variable temp
Diffusion distance and other adaptions in respiratory system
Oxygen only has to diffuse over the 2 cell thick walls
Surfactant holds shape of alveoli
Moisture aids diffusion
Composition of air exhaled
16% O2 4% CO2 78% N More H2O 37 degrees temp
Ventilation
Breathing in and out
Inhalation
Diaphragm contacts + flattens External intercostal muscles contract Rib cage moves out and up Volume of chest cavity increases Lungs expand Pressure inside decreases Air rushes to lungs to equalise pressure
Tidal volume
Volume of air breathed in and out of lungs in 1 breath (0.5L)
Exhalation
Diaphragm relaxes + moves upwards Intercostal muscles contract Ribs cage moves in and down Volume of chest cavity decreases Pressure inside lungs increase Air flows out of lungs due to high pressure
Inspiratory reserve volume
Additional volume of air taken in with the deepest breath possible (<2L)
Expiratory reserve volume
Additional volume of air that can be breathed out with force (<1.5L)
Residual volume
Air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation (1.5L)
Vital capacity
IRU+TV+ERU= maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled in one breath
Effects of exercise on ventilation and why
Increase in ventilation- more frequent
Increase in tidal volume- deeper breaths
Muscles need oxygen to contract and they need ATP which is produced though respiration
Short term effects of smoking
Smelly hair and breath
Less oxygen to brain and lungs
Stained teeth
Strained fingers
Tar buildup in lungs
Lung cancer Lung infections Cilia in bronchi paralysed Build up in mucus Debris in lungs not removes Build up of bacteria Emphysema of alveoli
Long term effects of smoking
Gum disease and tooth loss Strokes and heart attacks Mouth, lung, stomach, pancreatic and throat cancer Decreased fertility Peripheral vascular disease
Nicotine effects
Addictive Stimulates neurotransmitters Stokes and heart attacks Conte its blood flow Increases blood pressure
Carbon monoxide effects
Tiredness, dizziness Increases heart rate Binds irreversibly to haemoglobin Reduces oxygen carries by blood cells Reduced birth mass
