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Biology > The Respiatory System > Flashcards

The Respiatory System Flashcards

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0
Q

Epiglottis

A

Stops food getting into lungs when you swallow

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1
Q

Nasally passages

A

Warm, clean and add moisture to air

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2
Q

Oesophagus

A

Carries food to stomach

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3
Q

Laryx

A

Voice box

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4
Q

Left bronchus

A

Carries air to lungs

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5
Q

Trachea

A

Tube with incomplete rings of cartilage carries air to lungs, lined with cells making mucus, and cells with cilia height move mucus away from the lungs

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7
Q

Bronchioles

A

Carries air to lungs

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8
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs adapted for gaseous exchange

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9
Q

Diaphragm

A

Sheet of muscle with fibrous middle part which is domes, it helps make breathing movements and soee rates the thorax from the abdomen

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10
Q

Ribs

A

Bones that protect and ventilate the lungs

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10
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

Pulls ribs up and out when you breathe in

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11
Q

Internal intercostal muscles

A

Pulls ribs down and in when you breathe out

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12
Q

Pleural fluid

A

Liquid filling pleural cavity and acting as lubrication, so surfaces of the lungs don’t stick to the inside of the chest wall

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13
Q

Pleural membranes

A

Thin moist membranes forming an airtight seal around lungs and separating the inside of the thorax from the lungs

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14
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery lead

A

Heart –> lungs

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15
Q

What does the pulmonary vein connect

A

Lungs –> heart

17
Q

SA adaptions in respiratory system

A

Folded shape to increase the surface area which increases the rate of diffusion

18
Q

Concentration gradient daptions in respiratory system

A

Alveolus- more O2 less CO2
Capillary- less O2 less CO2
Bloods is always flowing and this concentration gradient is maintained

18
Q

Composition of air inhaled

A 
21% O2
0.03% CO2
78% N
Variable H2O
Variable temp
19
Q

Diffusion distance and other adaptions in respiratory system

A

Oxygen only has to diffuse over the 2 cell thick walls
Surfactant holds shape of alveoli
Moisture aids diffusion

20
Q

Composition of air exhaled

A 
16% O2
4% CO2
78% N
More H2O
37 degrees temp
21
Q

Ventilation

A

Breathing in and out

23
Q

Inhalation

A 
Diaphragm contacts + flattens 
External intercostal muscles contract
Rib cage moves out and up
Volume of chest cavity increases
Lungs expand 
Pressure inside decreases
Air rushes to lungs to equalise pressure
23
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air breathed in and out of lungs in 1 breath (0.5L)

24
Q

Exhalation

A 
Diaphragm relaxes + moves upwards 
Intercostal muscles contract 
Ribs cage moves in and down 
Volume of chest cavity decreases 
Pressure inside lungs increase 
Air flows out of lungs due to high pressure
25
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Additional volume of air taken in with the deepest breath possible (<2L)

26
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Additional volume of air that can be breathed out with force (<1.5L)

27
Q

Residual volume

A

Air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation (1.5L)

28
Q

Vital capacity

A

IRU+TV+ERU= maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled in one breath

29
Q

Effects of exercise on ventilation and why

A

Increase in ventilation- more frequent
Increase in tidal volume- deeper breaths
Muscles need oxygen to contract and they need ATP which is produced though respiration

31
Q

Short term effects of smoking

A

Smelly hair and breath
Less oxygen to brain and lungs
Stained teeth
Strained fingers

31
Q

Tar buildup in lungs

A 
Lung cancer 
Lung infections 
Cilia in bronchi paralysed 
Build up in mucus 
Debris in lungs not removes
Build up of bacteria 
Emphysema of alveoli
32
Q

Long term effects of smoking

A 
Gum disease and tooth loss 
Strokes and heart attacks 
Mouth, lung, stomach, pancreatic and throat cancer 
Decreased fertility 
Peripheral vascular disease
33
Q

Nicotine effects

A 
Addictive 
Stimulates neurotransmitters 
Stokes and heart attacks 
Conte its blood flow 
Increases blood pressure
34
Q

Carbon monoxide effects

A 
Tiredness, dizziness 
Increases heart rate 
Binds irreversibly to haemoglobin
Reduces oxygen carries by blood cells
Reduced birth mass

Biology (16 decks)

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