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Biology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Reflex reaction

A

Involuntary and almost immediate response to a stimulus

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1
Q

Types of neurons

A

Motor Sensory Relay

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2
Q

Cell body

A

The part of a neurone which contains the nucleus

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

Extensions which receive nerve impulses from other cells; the nerve impulses are then transmitted towards the cell body

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4
Q

Axon

A

Carries nerve impulses to an effector organ

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5
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty sheath which insulates the axon (preventing short-circuits of electrical impulses) and speeds up the conduction of nerve impulses

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6
Q

Nerve muscle junction

A

The point between the branches of the axon and the muscle cells

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7
Q

Reflex arc

A

The pathway thought the nervous system that reflex takes

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8
Q

Spinal cord

A

Extension of the CNS from the brain which is enclosed by the vertebral column

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9
Q

Summary of the reflex arc

A

Sense organ receptor senses stimulus Sensory neurone detects and passes to relay (through spinal cord) and to motor neurone which triggers a response from the muscle effector

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10
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Module on dorsal root containing ell bodies

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11
Q

Grey matter

A

Darker tissue of spinal cord

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12
Q

Synapse

A

Tiny gal between two neurones

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13
Q

Nerve impulses across synapse

A

Travels to synapse as electrical impulse They trigger vesicles, containing neurotransmitters, to move to the membrane Neurotransmitters released across synapses then bind to receptors on the next neurone This triggers new nerve impulse

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14
Q

Cornea

A

Clear later at front of eye Helps to refract and focus light

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15
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure behind pupil Refracts and focuses light

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16
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in centre of iris Controls amount of light entering eye

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17
Q

Iris

A

Pigmented tissue Controls amount of light entering eye

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18
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Ligaments in connecting the ciliary muscles and the lens Involved in controlling accommodation (focussing)

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19
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

Ring of muscle connected to lens via suspensory ligaments Controls accusation (focussing)

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20
Q

Retina

A

Inner layer of eye containing rods and cones Responds to light stimulus

21
Q

Optic nerve

A

Sensory nerve Carries nerve impulses from retina to brain

22
Q

Dark

A

Pupil dilates Radical muscles contract Circular muscles relax

23
Q

Bright light

A

Pupil constricts Radical muscle relaxes Circular muscles contract

24
Q

Image formed in the retina

A

Originally upside down but the brain interprets this image so it appears upright to us

25
Q

What do cones do

A

Detect colour

26
Q

Optic fibre nerve

A

Point where the neurones leave the eye

27
Q

Blind spot

A

Light focusses on the optic nerve and we are unable to detect it

28
Q

Focussing in distant object

A

Lens less convex (thinner) Rays refract less Clary muscles relax Suspensory ligaments pulled tight

29
Q

Focussing on near object

A

Lens more convex (rounded) Rays refract less Ciliary muscles contract Suspensory ligaments slack

30
Q

Nervous system

A

Vast network of nerves in the body

31
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of many neurones

32
Q

Neurone

A

A cell specialised to generate and conduct electrical impulses from one part of the nervous system to another

33
Q

Axon

A

The extension of a neurone that transmits a signal

34
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system- contains brain optic nerve and spinal cord

35
Q

Brain

A

Control centre of CNS

36
Q

Stimulus

A

A detectable change in the environment

37
Q

Receptor

A

A cell that senses a stimulus and starts transmission of the impulse

38
Q

Sense organ

A

Specialised organ with clusters of receptor cells

39
Q

Nerve impulse

A

Information in the form of an electrochemical signal that travels through a neurone

40
Q

Spinal cord

A

A bundle of nerves enclosed in the spine which connects nearly all parts of the body to the brain

41
Q

Light travelling through eye

A

Conjunction, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, fovea

42
Q

Myopia

A

Short sightedness

43
Q

Hyperopia

A

Long sightedness

44
Q

Astigmatism

A

Vision problem caused by an irregularly shaped cornea

45
Q

Form of message in nervous system and hormones

A

Electrical impulses/chemicals

46
Q

Carried in nervous system and hormones

A

Neurone/blood streaming

47
Q

Time in nervous system and hormones

A

Fast with instant effect short lived/slower with longer And act long lasting

48
Q

Area effected in nervous system and hormones

A

Very localised-individual cells/wide spread in deff went organs

49
Q

Structure of the eye

A

Biology (16 decks)

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