Immunity And Vaccinations/Using Microorganisms Flashcards
Examples of bacteria and uses
Lactobacillus bulgaricus- rod shaped, used for production of yogurt
Pneumococcus- spherical, causes pneumonia
E-coli
Example of protozoa and uses
Amoeba which has features like an animal cell (100um)
Chlorella which has features like a plant cell (5-10um)
Plasmodium which is pathogenic and causes malaria
What are the sizes of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protoctists
Bacteria = 1-5um Fungi= 5-10um Viruses= 0.01-0.2um Protoctists= 5-10um
What is the structure of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protoctists
Bacteria= Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmids, circular chromosome of DNA Fungi= Nucleus, cell wall, cytoplasm Viruses= Protein coat and nucleic acid Protoctists= Some animal like, some plant like
What is the structure of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protoctists
Bacteria= Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmids, circular chromosome of DNA Fungi= Nucleus, cell wall, plasma membrane Viruses= Protein coat and nucleic acid Protoctists= Some animal like, some plant like
Are bacteria, fungi, viruses and protoctists unicellular or multicellular?
Bacteria= Uni Fungi= Uni or multi Viruses= Not a cell Protoctists= Uni or multi
How do bacteria obtain energy?
Some photosynthesise, most feed of dead/living organisms
Example of virus and uses
Tobacco mosaic virus causes discolouring of leaves of tobacco plants
HIV which causes AIDS
Influenza virus which causes the flu
How does is blood clotting useful
Causes skin to scab in order to reduce blood loss and chances of infection
Describe role of platelets
Skin is broken
Begins to bleed as blood vessel wall is broken
Platelets stick together and this causes production of mesh made of fibrin
This helps platelets bond together into a clot
This clot covers the break in the blog vessel and this leads to the formation of a scab
Describe process of phagocytosis
- Bacteria is engulfed by the phagocyte
- Bonds with the lysosomes which were already in the cell
- The lysosomes digest the bacteria and convert it into a phagolysosome
What is an antigen
Any substance that can stimulate the production of antibodies
What is an antibody
A protein which can bind to an antigen on a microbe and trigger it’s destruction
There are different antibodies for different antigens produced by different lymphocytes
Antibodies allow phagocytes to recognise them so that they can be ingested
What is a pathogen
It is a disease causing bacteria/virus/etc
Process of defence with antibodies
- Bacterium with antigens on their surface enter the body
- Lymphocyte recognise foreign antigens and secretes antibodies
- These antibodies bind to the antigens on the surface of the bacterium and move it into a phagocyte
What is a toxin
Substance produced by a bacteria which can harm cellular function
Process of antitoxin release
- Bacteria enter the body and release toxins
- Lymphocyte recognises this foreign body and releases antitoxins
- These antitoxins bind to the toxins and neutralise them
- It does this by remembering when these toxins were in our bodies before and knowing which antitoxin to release
Describe 1st infection process
- Pathogens enter the body
- Lymphocyte is activated and produces antibodies
- At the same time it produces memory cells to record which antibody has been released for which pathogen
- The antibodies bind to the pathogen and destroy it
Describe 2nd infection
Same as the first but rather than the lymphocyte needing to work out which antibody it has to produce, the memory cells activate and rapidly reproduce the antibody to fight of the pathogen before it can bring disease
What can a vaccine be
- Live but less infectious organism
- Dead organism or parts of the dead organism
- Modified toxins from a pathogen
Different types of immunity
Natural (active and passive)
Acquired (active and passive)
What is natural passive immunity
Antibodies received in mother’s breast milk and no memory cells are made
What is natural active immunity
Exposure to antigens and memory cells are made
What is acquired passive immunity
Antibodies are received in an injection and no memory cells are made
What is acquired active immunity
Antigens are injected and antibodies and memory cells are made
Aerobic respiration word equation
Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy
Aerobic respiration balanced equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H2O + 6CO2
Anaerobic respiration is also known as
Fermentation
Anaerobic respiration word equation
Glucose –> carbon dioxide + alcohol + little energy
Anaerobic respiration balanced equation
C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 2C6H5OH
Experiment for testing aerobic respiration
Two test tubes
Ones has yeast and sugar solution
This has bung in it and delivery tube to open text tube with limewater in it
If the yeast and sugar solution is fermenting therefore respiring, the limewater will turn cloudy from the CO2
Experiment for testing anaerobic respiration
Two test tubes
Ones has yeast and sugar solution with liquid paraffin on top which stops oxygen from reaching the solution
This has bung in it and delivery tube to open text tube with limewater in it
If the yeast and sugar solution is fermenting therefore respiring, the limewater will turn cloudy from the CO2
Making beer chemical facts
- Barley grains store starch in their kernels
- Malting the barley allow these to be converted into simple sugars by germinating them in warm, moist environments
- This produces the enzyme maltase which turns starch into maltose
- Then soaked and heated up to continue this conversion (mashing)
Beer production process
- Malt barely grains into malt by germinating the grains
- Mash malt into sugary solution (wort)
- Ferment the wort into beer
Fuel alternative
Alcohol made from sugar canes in Brazil
Vinegar production
Certain bacteria can turn alcohol into a acetic acid (=vinegar) and this can preserve food
Respiration for beer and wine
Anaerobic
Respiration for bread
Aerobic
Penicillin production
Product of the bacteria, penicillium
Respiration for yogurt and cheese
Anaerobic
Methane production
When some bacteria decay, they emit methane which can be used for fuel for cooking or Bunsen burners
Modified bacteria
Genetic engineering of bacteria can create insulin
Fungi in thread like structure
Hyphae
Process of yogurt making
Lactic fermentation
Yogurt production equation
Lactose (milk sugar) –> lactic acid + some energy
Yogurt production steps
Milk is pasteurised (85-95)
Milk is homogenised
Milk is cooked and inoculated with lactobacillus
Milk is incubates for several hours at 42
Flavourings and fruit are added
What are fermenters for
Growing large quantities of microorganisms
Why are nutrients and glucose added to fermenters
For respiration, growth, reproduction, other loving processes
Why is pH controlled in a fermenter
To ensure enzymes of the microorganisms don’t denature
How is pH controlled in a fermenter
Adding acidic/alkaline solution to reach optimum pH or adding a buffer solution
What’s a buffer solution
Solution which maintains and optimum pH in a solution
Why is temperature controlled in a fermenter
Heat produced from respiration and enzymes will denature when they’re too hot causing microbes to die
Why is solution stirred in a fermenter
- spreads oxygen
- keeps consistent temperature
- regulates pH
How big are fermenters
Up to 200,000 litres
How can contamination or fermenters be avoided
Filter air input
Filter nutrients
Sterilise fermenter
Why is a fermenter steam cleaned
Kills excess bacteria with heat which reduces competition
Water doesn’t contaminate container
Alcohol and yeast
High alcohol content kills yeast
