Kidneys Flashcards
Renal vein
Takes ‘cleaned’ blood away from the kidneys
Vena cava
Main vein returning blood to the heart
Aorta
Main artery supplying oxygenated blood to the body
Renal artery
Bring blood containing ‘waste’ to the kidneys
Urethra
Carries urine out of the body
Ureters
Carry urine to the bladder
Bladder
Muscular sac that stores urine (700cm3)
Sphinder muscle
Keeps bladder closed
Medula
Lighter middle layer of kidney
Pelvis
Central cavity which collects urine
Cortex
Darker outer layer
Nephron
Filtration unit (where urine is produced)
Mouth waste products and process
Carbon dioxide
Water
Exhalation
Skin waste products and process
Miner ions Salt Water Urea Sweating
Kidney waste products and process
Urea Water Salts Mineral ions Urine
Main role of kindneys
The main function of the kidneys is to get rid of waste such as urea, extra water and extra salts
Substances in dirty blood
Urea, proteins, cells, glucose, amino acids, salt, water
Substances in urine
Urea, salt and water
Substances in clean blood
Urea (little), proteins, cells, glucose, amino acids, salt, water
Summarise what happens when there is low water in blood
- hypothalamus detects from osmoreceptors
- pancreas secretes ADH
- collecting ducts made more permeable
- more water is re absorbed into the blood stream
- less urine is produced
Structure of nephron
Glomerulus inside Bowmans capsule Then proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henlè Distile convoluted tubule Collecting duct
Summarise what happens when there is high water in blood
- no ADH secreted
- collecting ducts more permeable
- less water reabsorbed into bloodstream
- more urine produced
Selective re absorption
In proximal convoluted tube
Useful molecules reabsorbed
Water moves back via osmosis
Urea stays in filtrate
Ultrafiltration
Small molecules are filtered out of blood
Large molecules remain as they can’t go though the gaps in glomerulus to Bowmans capsule
Passive
Where is the salt concentration adjusted
Loop of Henlé
Where is the pH and water concentration adjusted
Distil convoluted tubule
Where is the water concentration adjusted
The collecting duct
What is filtered out of blood in ultra flirtation
Water Urea Glucose Salt Amino acids
How to changes in blood vessels cool someone down
The vasodilate so more blood is circulated around the surface of the face and more heat is lost via radiation
What is reabsorbed into blood in selective reabsorption
Amino acids
Salt
Water
Glucose
What is homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body despite changes in the external environment
How do ultrafiltration and reabsorption differ
UF= passive, most molecules, Bowmans capsule and glomerulus SR= active, some molecules, loop of Henlè and distil convoluted tube
What molecules stay in blood during ultrafiltration
Proteins, water, amino acids, red blood cells, glucose, salt
What organ produces ADH
Pituitary gland
How does ADH travel
In the bloodstream
What do amino acids do in the digestive system
Taken into bloodstream to cells and used to build new proteins
What happens to extra amino acids
Liver destroys them
What two molecules are produced from destroying amino acids
Keto acid and ammonia
Why is ammonia converted into urea
It is toxic
Why is Kidney failure life threatening
Osmotic problems and you can’t excrete toxins such as ammonia and urea
What is the principle of dialysis
To artificially replicate what would happen in the kidney
What is the fluid around the blood in a dialysis machine called
Dialisate or dialysis fluid
How does a dialysis machine work
Urea, excess salt and excess water diffuse through the semi permeable membrane into the dialysis fluid and this fluid is discarded
How does dialysis control glucose levels
The dialysis fluid will contain optimum glucose levels and so if the blood contains too much/too little than glucose will follow the concentration gradient and go in/out of blood
What vessels and tubes are connected to a transplanted kidney
Renal artery, renal vein and transplanted ureter
Where are kindeys placed in a transplant and why
Lower abdomen because easier to access, not close to spinal cord, vessels are shorter, don’t need to remove pervious kidney, close to bladder
What is kidney failure
The inability of the kidneys to excrete waste and function properly
What is organ rejection
Immune system at tasks the donor kidney
What is the nephron
Filtration unit within the kidney
What is tissue type
Describes the antigens present on the surface of a Donor organ
