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Biology > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Renal vein

A

Takes ‘cleaned’ blood away from the kidneys

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1
Q

Vena cava

A

Main vein returning blood to the heart

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2
Q

Aorta

A

Main artery supplying oxygenated blood to the body

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3
Q

Renal artery

A

Bring blood containing ‘waste’ to the kidneys

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4
Q

Urethra

A

Carries urine out of the body

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5
Q

Ureters

A

Carry urine to the bladder

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6
Q

Bladder

A

Muscular sac that stores urine (700cm3)

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7
Q

Sphinder muscle

A

Keeps bladder closed

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8
Q

Medula

A

Lighter middle layer of kidney

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9
Q

Pelvis

A

Central cavity which collects urine

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10
Q

Cortex

A

Darker outer layer

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11
Q

Nephron

A

Filtration unit (where urine is produced)

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12
Q

Mouth waste products and process

A

Carbon dioxide
Water
Exhalation

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13
Q

Skin waste products and process

A 
Miner ions 
Salt
Water 
Urea 
Sweating
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14
Q

Kidney waste products and process

A 
Urea
Water
Salts
Mineral ions
Urine
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15
Q

Main role of kindneys

A

The main function of the kidneys is to get rid of waste such as urea, extra water and extra salts

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16
Q

Substances in dirty blood

A

Urea, proteins, cells, glucose, amino acids, salt, water

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17
Q

Substances in urine

A

Urea, salt and water

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18
Q

Substances in clean blood

A

Urea (little), proteins, cells, glucose, amino acids, salt, water

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20
Q

Summarise what happens when there is low water in blood

A
  • hypothalamus detects from osmoreceptors
  • pancreas secretes ADH
  • collecting ducts made more permeable
  • more water is re absorbed into the blood stream
  • less urine is produced
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20
Q

Structure of nephron

A 
Glomerulus inside Bowmans capsule
Then proximal convoluted tubule 
Loop of Henlè
Distile convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
21
Q

Summarise what happens when there is high water in blood

A
  • no ADH secreted
  • collecting ducts more permeable
  • less water reabsorbed into bloodstream
  • more urine produced
22
Q

Selective re absorption

A

In proximal convoluted tube
Useful molecules reabsorbed
Water moves back via osmosis
Urea stays in filtrate

23
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Small molecules are filtered out of blood
Large molecules remain as they can’t go though the gaps in glomerulus to Bowmans capsule
Passive

24
Q

Where is the salt concentration adjusted

A

Loop of Henlé

25
Q

Where is the pH and water concentration adjusted

A

Distil convoluted tubule

26
Q

Where is the water concentration adjusted

A

The collecting duct

27
Q

What is filtered out of blood in ultra flirtation

A 
Water 
Urea 
Glucose 
Salt 
Amino acids
28
Q

How to changes in blood vessels cool someone down

A

The vasodilate so more blood is circulated around the surface of the face and more heat is lost via radiation

29
Q

What is reabsorbed into blood in selective reabsorption

A

Amino acids
Salt
Water
Glucose

30
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body despite changes in the external environment

31
Q

How do ultrafiltration and reabsorption differ

A 
UF= passive, most molecules, Bowmans capsule and glomerulus
SR= active, some molecules, loop of Henlè and distil convoluted tube
32
Q

What molecules stay in blood during ultrafiltration

A

Proteins, water, amino acids, red blood cells, glucose, salt

33
Q

What organ produces ADH

A

Pituitary gland

34
Q

How does ADH travel

A

In the bloodstream

35
Q

What do amino acids do in the digestive system

A

Taken into bloodstream to cells and used to build new proteins

36
Q

What happens to extra amino acids

A

Liver destroys them

37
Q

What two molecules are produced from destroying amino acids

A

Keto acid and ammonia

38
Q

Why is ammonia converted into urea

A

It is toxic

39
Q

Why is Kidney failure life threatening

A

Osmotic problems and you can’t excrete toxins such as ammonia and urea

40
Q

What is the principle of dialysis

A

To artificially replicate what would happen in the kidney

41
Q

What is the fluid around the blood in a dialysis machine called

A

Dialisate or dialysis fluid

42
Q

How does a dialysis machine work

A

Urea, excess salt and excess water diffuse through the semi permeable membrane into the dialysis fluid and this fluid is discarded

43
Q

How does dialysis control glucose levels

A

The dialysis fluid will contain optimum glucose levels and so if the blood contains too much/too little than glucose will follow the concentration gradient and go in/out of blood

44
Q

What vessels and tubes are connected to a transplanted kidney

A

Renal artery, renal vein and transplanted ureter

45
Q

Where are kindeys placed in a transplant and why

A

Lower abdomen because easier to access, not close to spinal cord, vessels are shorter, don’t need to remove pervious kidney, close to bladder

46
Q

What is kidney failure

A

The inability of the kidneys to excrete waste and function properly

47
Q

What is organ rejection

A

Immune system at tasks the donor kidney

48
Q

What is the nephron

A

Filtration unit within the kidney

49
Q

What is tissue type

A

Describes the antigens present on the surface of a Donor organ

Biology (16 decks)

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