The Renaissance/Hamlet Flashcards
Henry VII
- (1485-1509) Peaceful time period; challenged by Lancasters
- Married Elizabeth, begets Arthur (betrothed to Catherine of Aragon, Spanish)
Henry VIII
- Born 1491; reign 1509-1547
- Tall and athletic
- Infatuated with Katherine; Queen Isabella encouraged Pope to grant dispensation
- Church Inquisition proves no consummation of marriage; marriage allowed
- Begets daughter Mary
Katherine as Regent
- Henry gave regency to Katherine while was in France
- Katherine defends against Scotts; wins
- Cannot produce
Anne Boleyn
- 1533; Henry VIII falls in love (lady in waiting)
- Henry wants to prove his marriage illegal; locks Katherine in prison until death
- Marries Anne; Elizabeth born; Anne executed for “affairs”
Jane Seymour
- Has baby son, Edward (one true wife)
- Jane dies; Cromwell wants him to marry Ann of Cleaves; sends painter to paint German
German Princess
- Painter paints German princess; marriage by proxy
- 3 years later, finds woman unattractive; divorce and best friends
Catherine Howard
-1540; Henry finds guilty of adultery and places her in tower (escapes, killed)
Catholic Properties
- 1542: Henry calls for all Catholic properties to be returned to Crown
- Gives to noblemen, claims for Protestants
Catherine Parr
-1543: Marries; acts as nursemaid and urges for 3rd Succession Act
Henry’s Death
- 1547: Dies as fat/sick
- Edward named as full successor, daughters moved back into line of succession
Edward VI
- Reign: 1547-1553; Protestant
- Obtains thrown at 9 years old; Lord Protector (Duke of Sumerset) controls him
- Dies at 15 from tuberculosis; excluded Mary and Elizabeth from line of succession
- Lady Jane Grey as successor
Edward VI’s Lord Protectors
- First was Duke of Summerset
- Next was John Dudley; tried for marriage between Edward and Jane
- Marriage arranged between Jane and Dudley’s son (exclude Mary/Elizabeth)
- Lady Jane wants to change Anglican Church
Lady Jane Grey
- 1553; fell in love with John Dudley’s son
- True Christian; wanted to unite Churches
Queen Mary
- (1553-1558); Catholic
- Executes Jane and Dudley; takes over and forces all to convert to Catholicism
- Arranges for marriage to Prince Philip of Spain
- Has uterine tumor and dies without heir
Queen Elizabeth I
- 1558-1603; Elizabethan Age and English Renaissance
- 5th/last ruler
- Re-establishes Protestants, tolerant
- Virgin queen (never married)
- Excommunicated by Pope in 1570
- Armada of ‘88; great victory
- Time period well-known for flourishing arts
- Executed Mary Queen of Scotts (1587)
- Established free grammar schools
Ghosts
- Could trick humans (represent Hell)
- Can take on shape of another
- Vanish after first rooster crows
Revenge Tragedies
- Madness caused by power, etc. (numerous deaths)
2. Poison
Population Growth During Renaissance
- 35% population growth; move to urban center (but still close to natural world)
- Worked soil; acclimated to death
- Organic material accepted (experimentation with urine and excretions)
Animals
- Believed animals could invade body; create illness
- Witches kept familiars
- Cats were evil; suck life out of babies
Odor
- Believed odor caused disease; created hygiene laws
- Sick from sewage
- Mattress stuffings carried disease
Diseases
- Sweating sickness
- Aerial disease
- Syphilis large problem
- Poison fixation
Affluent=Wet Nurse
- Began to associate duties of child care with lower classes
- Wet nurse industry grew; lower class women had opportunity to become wealthy
- Had nannies, tutors, there was separation rom child-rearing
Renaissance in England
- Rise: Under Tudor monarchs; 1500-1558
- Height: Under Elizabeth I; 1558-1603
- Fall: Stuart monarchs; 1603-1649
- Largely in 15th century, brought from Italy
War of Roses
-Ended in 1485; allowed for Henry to unify country
Population of London/Enclosure Laws:
- 1563
- 1605
- 1563: 93,000
- 1605: 224,000
- Laws forced farmers to move to cities
Invention of Printing Press
- 1476: William Caxton set up first printing press at Westminster (London)
- 1530: Half of England literate
New Learning at Oxford
- During 1490s and 1500s; led by William Grocyn, Thomas Linacre, and John Colet
- Dutch Humanist (Erasmus) taught Greek at Cambridge
St. Paul’s (1510)
-First (private) Prep school devoted to new learning; established by John Colet
Anglicization of the Sonnet
- Wyatt and Surry introduced Italian verse form
- Surrey created English blank verse
- Love poetry also includd
Dramatic Forms
- Miracle/morality popular
- Interlude developed; short play designed to be presented between courses
95 Theses
-Martin Luther posted on church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 (Reformation)
Church and State
-Henry VIII declared as head of Church of England; established Anglican church (England was Protestant)
Order of Wives
- Catherine of Aragon (birthed Mary)
- Anne (birthed Elizabeth)
- Seymour (birthed Edward)
- Anne of Cleves (none)
- Catherine Howard (none)
- Catherine Parr (none)
Gresham College
- Established in 1570; founded in London for middle class
- Curriculum included law, medicine, practical courses
England in Height of Renaissance
-Supreme on seas; riches from Sir Francis Drake (1577-1580)
Armada
Invasion fleet sent by Philip of Spain; Elizabeth net navy to destroy
-Defeated in 1588; dominant sea power
Age of Courtiers
Courtier Poets
- Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Philip Sidney
- Edmund Spenser wrote “The Faerie Queen”
Songwriters
-Thomas Campion; five collections of songs with lute accompaniment
Drama
- Popular source of music; integral part of comedies and tragedies
- Blank verse main vehicle for tragedy and comedy
Dramatists
-Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson
Theater Development
- Native English drama wellspring of Elizabethan drama
- Classical drama came in 1560s (translation of Latin dram/revenge tragedies)
- Contained entire spectrum
Crime
- Pickpockets/criminals drawn to theater
- Theater considered place of sin; hated by Puritans
Puritan Influence in 1590s
- Began to become powerful again, closed theaters
- Elizabeth named successor King James of Scotland in 1603; turn of century signified decline
James I
- (1603-); Anglican
- Helped found Plymouth in New England (1620)
- Growing religious/political unrest
Gunpowder Plot
-1605: Robert Catesby and Guy Fawkes (Catholics) conceived idea of blowing up Parliament building
House of Commons
-During Stuarts reign, obtained more power and questioned Divine Right of Kings (predominantly Puritan)
Civil War
- 1642: Civil War: King and supporters (Royalists/Cavaliers) vs. Parliament and led by Oliver Cromwell (Puritans/Roundheads)
- Under Charles’ reign
- Declared commonwealth by Parliament
Poetry in Stuart Era:
-Metaphysical Poets
- More cynical; introspective
- Led by John Donne; used strong lines, overriding regular meter; employed conceits; intellectual
- Young Cavaliers: Wrote about love/loyalty (Richard Lovelace and Robert Herrick)
King James
-1611: Commissioned new English translation of Bible
Shakespeare
- Tragedies written under reign of King James
- Acting company became known as King’s Men
- Popular until closed in 1649
Puritan Poets
-John Milton (Latin Secretary to Puritan Commonwealth); wrote “Paradise Lost” on fall of man
Monarchy in 1660
- Restored, Charles II on throne
- Reopened theaters
