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Eng 12AP/CC > Age of Reason > Flashcards

Age of Reason Flashcards

1
Q

Enlightenment

A

Intellectual and literary movement; characterized by rationalism (principle or habit of accepting reason as supreme authority in matter of opinion/belief/conduct)

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2
Q

Age of Reason

A
  • Enlightenment in England; gave equal place to experience/reason in examining human condition
  • Less “rational” than French counterpart
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3
Q

John Locke

A
  • Wrote “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (1690)

- Influenced Enlightenment

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4
Q

Age of Reason Time Periods:

  • Early Years
  • Middle Years
  • Late Years
A
  • 1660-1700
  • 1700-1744
  • 1744-1780
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5
Q

King Charles II

A
  • Stewart; 1660-1685
  • 1660: Restoration–Puritan regime toppled; King Charles II returned to thrown
  • Sponsored King’s Players, outlawed Puritan religious sects; restored Anglican Church/theater/literature
  • Mistress was Nell Gwyne, had child
  • Founded Royal Society of London for Promotion of Natural Knowledge
  • No legit. heirs/conflict with Parliament, niece betrothed to William of Orange
  • Cerebral hemorrhage; turned Catholic on deathbed
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6
Q

Samuel Pepys

A
  • English writer who wrote of Restoration in diary; 1660
  • Cambridge degree, government service; man of world
  • Recorded hanging of Puritan as consequence of killing Charles’ father
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7
Q

Restoration Effects

A
  • Anglican Church became Established Church
  • Puritans ousted from powers of position
  • Theaters reopened
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8
Q

James I

A
  • Stuart; 1603-1625
  • Son of Mary, Queen of Scots
  • Good Scottish king, difficulties with Parliament
  • Issues united England
  • Literary patron, Shakespeare, King James Bible
  • Died natural death
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9
Q

Charles I

A
  • Stewart; 1625-1649
  • Son of James I; married Roman Catholic Spanish princess
  • Believed in Divine Right of Kings; taxed without Parliament
  • Erupted into Civil War (Parliament Roundheads v. Royalists and Cavaliers)
  • Imprisoned and executed
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10
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A
  • 1649-1660
  • “Lord Protector” of the Commonwealth
  • Rump Parliament, non-monarch, military genius known as “Old Ironside”
  • During Catholic genocide in Ireland/Cromwell devout Puritan
  • Invaded Scotland and won
  • Parliament offers crown to Cromwell; review Constitution
  • Cromwell dies of kidney infection
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11
Q

Monk

A

-Marched to England, restored full Parliament, resumed body of Cromwell and killed him as a traitor

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12
Q

2 Events During Charles II Reign

A
  • 1665: Bubonic Plage; 65,000 die in one year

- 1666: Great fire of London; 13,200 homes burn

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13
Q

Succession of Rulers and Family

A
  • 1603-1625: James I; Stewart
  • 1625-1649: Charles I; Stewart
  • 1649-1660: Oliver Cromwell, unaffiliated
  • 1660-1685: Charles II; Stewart
  • 1685-1688: James II; Stewart
  • 1689-1702: Mary/William of Orange; Stewart
  • 1702-1714: Anne; Stewart
  • 1714-1727: George I; Hanover
  • 1727-1760: George II; Hanover
  • 1760-1820: George III; Hanover
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14
Q

James II

A
  • 1685-1688; Stewart
  • Catholic; had child, Parliament called on William of Orange (led invasion)
  • Flees
  • One unsuccessful attempt to regain crown
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15
Q

Mary and William of Orange

A
  • 1688-1702
  • Netherlands, Protestant
  • Transition to Parliament based gov’t.
  • Miscarried; no more children
  • English Bill of Rights 1689
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16
Q

English Bill of Rights

A

-1689: Restrictions on monarchy re-instated; no Catholics can have thrown

17
Q

Anne

A
  • 1702-1714; Stewart
  • Favors House of Tories; moderate Anglican
  • 1710: Dismissed Whigs
  • 17 pregnancies; no heirs
  • Act of Settlement: Crown of England goes to Princess Sophia (died 2 months before Crown)
18
Q

George I

A

-1714-1727
-Son of Sophia; great grandson of James I; Protestant
-56 Catholic heirs bypassed (not happy)
-Only spoke German
-Tories sided with Jacobites
0Anne’s brother on throne; Whigs grew to power
-Prime Minister: Robert Wapoel; limited House of Lords; Prime Minister has more control

19
Q

George II

A
  • 1727-1760
  • 7 year war with France
  • Built up Navy
  • Prime Minister wanted to get rid of competition with France
20
Q

George III

A
  • 1760-1820
  • Supports Tories; happy marriage with 9 sons and 6 daughters
  • Buckingham Palace, National libraries, money to charities
  • Conflict with America/Revolutionary war
  • George III mentally ill
21
Q

Duke of Monmouth

A

-

22
Q

James Boswell

A
  • Heir of wealthy judge and born in Edinburgh
  • London at 19; met Johnson
  • Law in Holland; island, Scotland/Hebrides
  • Journey to…Western (1775)
  • Journal of a Tour to…Hebrides (1785)
  • Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. (1791) first modern biography
23
Q

Samuel Johnson

A
  • Active in literary forms
  • Dictionary, Lives of Poets, “Literary Club”
  • Son of poor bookseller
  • Wrote translations
  • The Vanity of Human Wishes
  • Rambler
24
Q

Sir Christopher Wren

A

-Leading architect after fire of 1666 (rebuilding)

25
Q

Literary Changes/Shifts of Early Period

A
  • Ben Johnson use of classical models
  • Sonnets replaced by satirical verses
  • Closed couplet led to satire
  • Introduction of literary periodicals for middle class
26
Q

John Dryden

A
  • Use of closed couplet for satire

- Alexander Pope later perfected it

27
Q

Restoration Comedies

A
  • Development of comedy of the manners
  • William Wycherley: Country Wife (1675)
  • William Congreve: Way of the World (1700)
28
Q

Middle Years Politics

Anne, then Hanovers

A
  • Two political parties:
  • Tories: Favored royal power and established Church of England; opposed change
  • Whigs: Favored reforms, progres, parliamentary over royal power
  • Whigs wielded most power during Anne/George I and II
29
Q

Whigs

A
  • Favored new mercantile middle class

- Fostered trade, contributed to growth of cities/international commerce

30
Q

Growing Middle Class

A
  • Occurred during Middle Years
  • Began to move into position of social dominance
  • Samuel Richardson: Pamela (1740)
  • Henry Fielding: Tome Jone’s (1749)
  • Lesser barely affected; women still no rights
  • Growth of coffeehouses
31
Q

Periodicals

A
  • Richard Steele: The Tatler; coffeehouse gossip mag (1709-1711)
  • Steele/Joseph Addison: The Spectator; morals/manners (1711-1712)
32
Q

Richard Steele

A
  • Dramatist/partner at Drury Lane Theater

- Popularized moral comedy (sentimental comedy) that helped make theater respectable again

33
Q

Jonathan Swift

A
  • Greatest moralist; satirical for social evils

- “A Modest Proposal,” “Gulliver’s Travels”

34
Q

Alexander Pope

A
  • Closed couplet reached perfection
  • “The Rape of the Lock,” “Essay on Criticism”
  • “Homer” translation
  • First to support self by pen
35
Q

Patronage System

A
  • Puritan regime weakened patronage
  • Restoration/Hanoverian: Changes, few nobility patrons
  • Playwriting produced income (Dryden)
  • Payment from publisher (Dryden and Virgil)
36
Q

Thomas Gray

A

Use verse forms other than heroic couplet; forerunner of Romantic Age

Eng 12AP/CC (30 decks)

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