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MEDI 202 - Genes To Community > The Principle of Vaccinations > Flashcards

The Principle of Vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of infectious diseases?

A

HIV/AIDS
Influenza
Tuberculosis
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Cholera
STD

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2
Q

Who discovered the principle of vaccines?

A

Edward Jenner

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3
Q

When did Jenner publish his report on vaccines? Which disease did it mention?

A

1798, Smallpox

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4
Q

Why are vaccines needed?

A

Reduce disease burden,
Save lives and money,
Protect individuals against infection,
Prevent symptomatic illness.

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5
Q

How many infectious diseases are prevented by vaccines up to date?

A

18

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6
Q

How many infants were not immunised in 2018?

A

20 million

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7
Q

What are some examples of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis

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8
Q

What is vaccine coverage?

A

How many people in a community are vaccinated

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9
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When vaccine coverage is high, even those who are not vaccinated are less likely to get infected

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10
Q

What is the first line of defence?

A

Saliva
Skin
Tears
Mucus
Stomach acid
Good gut bacteria

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11
Q

What cells are part of the innate immunity?

A

Macrophages
Natural killer cells
Neutrophils
Dendritic cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
T - cells
Natural killer T-cells

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12
Q

What cells are part of the adaptive immunity?

A

B-cells
Antibodies
T-cells
Natural killer T-cells
CD4+ T-cells
CD8+ T-cells

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13
Q

What are the different phases of immune system?

A

Recognition (self vs non-self)
Activation (mobilisation)
Effector phase (eliminate invader)

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14
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Fast and non-specific

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15
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Delayed & specific

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16
Q

What kind of immunity do the presence of pathogens or vaccines activate?

A

Adaptive immunity

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17
Q

What is an example of innate immunity?

A

Inflammation

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18
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (vaccine antigens)

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19
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (no infection just tissue trauma, released by tissues)

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20
Q

What are APCs?

A

Antigen Presenting Cells: take a fingerprint of the invading pathogen

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21
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

The vaccination process mimics natural infection but without symptoms of the disease.

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22
Q

What happens during the vaccination process?

A
  • Vaccine antigens uptake by APC
  • APCs present antigens to naive T lymphocytes
  • T-cell proliferation leads to T helper cells and cell-mediated adaptive immunity and memory T lymphocytes
  • T helper cells also stimulate B lymphocytes to produce antibodies and memory B cells
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23
Q

What are vaccine antigens?

A

Virus
BActeria
Viral protein
Bacterial protein
Bacterial toxins
Capsular polysaccharide
mRNA

24
Q

What are the possible ways of giving vaccines?

A

Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Oral
Intranasal
Transdermal (skin patch)

25
Q

Why are vaccines not given intravenous?

A

The pathogen would be excreted from circulation before it even has an effect.

26
Q

What are the different kinds of vaccines?

A

Live attenuated (alive but modified so they do not replicate uncontrollably)
Inactivated vaccines
Toxoid vaccines
Conjugated vaccines (antigen linked to a carrier)
Subunit vaccines
mRNA

27
Q

Why do inactivated vaccines have a shorter-term protection period?

A

They are dead pathogens so they cannot replicate at all and thus booster doses are required

28
Q

What is conjugated vaccine?

A

Linking polysaccharides to a protein

29
Q

Why are conjugated vaccines given?

A

Thymus-independent antigens induce an inadequate immune response in infants and do not elicit memory cells

Bacterial polysaccharides are thymus-independent antigens

Protein based antigens are thymus -dependent

30
Q

How is BCG administered?

A

Intradermally

31
Q

Which live attenuated vaccines are given subcutaneously?

A

MMR
Varicella
Zoster

32
Q

How are Rotavirus and OPV administered?

A

Orally

33
Q

How is influenza vaccines given?

A

Intranasally or Intramuscularly

34
Q

Which inactivated vaccines are given subcutaneously?

A

Influenza
IPV

35
Q

How is hep-A given?

A

Intramuscularly

36
Q

Why are live attenuated vaccines only given after 9 months of age?

A

Weak immune system
Breastfed so antibodies are present or circulating ones from the placenta
Circulating antibodies would immediately neutralise live pathogen so vaccine would have no effect

37
Q

How do mRNA vaccines work?

A

Antigen expression in Antigen Presenting Cells
Dendritic Cell maturation and migration
Activation of T helper cells and GC B cells

38
Q

What is active immunisation?

A

Creating own antibodies either through vaccination or exposure

39
Q

What is passive immunisation?

A

Ready-made antibodies, either naturally through placenta and breastfeeding or artificially through immune globulins

40
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

Most commonly used products for passive immunization.

41
Q

Why are immunoglobulins not efficient?

A

They are usually gone two months later, do not provide efficient protection.

42
Q

Who is eligible for immunoglobulins?

A

Individuals unable to form antibodies
Prevention of disease in individuals already exposed and there is inadequate time for immunisation
For treatment of diseases that can be ameliorated by passive antibodies
For diseases fro which immunisation os unavailable or impractical

43
Q

What are non-specific immunoglobulins?

A

Standard human immunoglobulins, derived from plasma of adults

44
Q

What are specific immunoglobulins?

A

Hyperimmune human immunoglobulins, plasma of donors with higher tiers

45
Q

What kind of immunity do immunoglobulins provide?

A

Humoral immunity only

46
Q

What are vaccines adverse effects?

A

Local reactions
Systemic Reactions
Allergic Reactions
Disease
Anything mild is considered normal

47
Q

How are vaccines stored?

A

Refrigerated or frozen

48
Q

Why should vaccines be refrigerated or frozen?

A

Breaking the “cold chain” may result in loss of potency

49
Q

How are inactivated vaccines stored?

A

Refrigerator

50
Q

How are live attenuated vaccines stored?

A

Freezer

51
Q

How are toxins and immunoglobulins stored?

A

Refrigerator

52
Q

Which kind of vaccines do nor require the cold chain?

A

Novel Nanovaccine

53
Q

What kind of vaccines are polysaccharides attached to a protein?

A

Thymus dependent

54
Q

What kind of vaccines are polysaccharides?

A

Thymus independent

55
Q

What is septic inflammation a response of?

A

PAMPs

56
Q

What is sterile inflammation a response?

A

DAMPs

MEDI 202 - Genes To Community (23 decks)

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