The Principle of Vaccinations Flashcards by Stamatia Stratoulia

What are some examples of infectious diseases?

HIV/AIDS
Influenza
Tuberculosis
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Cholera
STD

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Who discovered the principle of vaccines?

Edward Jenner

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When did Jenner publish his report on vaccines? Which disease did it mention?

1798, Smallpox

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Why are vaccines needed?

Reduce disease burden,
Save lives and money,
Protect individuals against infection,
Prevent symptomatic illness.

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How many infectious diseases are prevented by vaccines up to date?

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How many infants were not immunised in 2018?

20 million

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What are some examples of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases?

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis

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What is vaccine coverage?

How many people in a community are vaccinated

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What is herd immunity?

When vaccine coverage is high, even those who are not vaccinated are less likely to get infected

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What is the first line of defence?

Saliva
Skin
Tears
Mucus
Stomach acid
Good gut bacteria

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What cells are part of the innate immunity?

Macrophages
Natural killer cells
Neutrophils
Dendritic cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
T - cells
Natural killer T-cells

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What cells are part of the adaptive immunity?

B-cells
Antibodies
T-cells
Natural killer T-cells
CD4+ T-cells
CD8+ T-cells

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What are the different phases of immune system?

Recognition (self vs non-self)
Activation (mobilisation)
Effector phase (eliminate invader)

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What is innate immunity?

Fast and non-specific

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What is adaptive immunity?

Delayed & specific

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What kind of immunity do the presence of pathogens or vaccines activate?

Adaptive immunity

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What is an example of innate immunity?

Inflammation

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What are PAMPs?

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (vaccine antigens)

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What are DAMPs?

Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (no infection just tissue trauma, released by tissues)

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What are APCs?

Antigen Presenting Cells: take a fingerprint of the invading pathogen

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How do vaccines work?

The vaccination process mimics natural infection but without symptoms of the disease.

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What happens during the vaccination process?

Vaccine antigens uptake by APC
APCs present antigens to naive T lymphocytes
T-cell proliferation leads to T helper cells and cell-mediated adaptive immunity and memory T lymphocytes
T helper cells also stimulate B lymphocytes to produce antibodies and memory B cells

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What are vaccine antigens?

Virus
BActeria
Viral protein
Bacterial protein
Bacterial toxins
Capsular polysaccharide
mRNA

What are the possible ways of giving vaccines?

Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Oral
Intranasal
Transdermal (skin patch)

Why are vaccines not given intravenous?

The pathogen would be excreted from circulation before it even has an effect.

What are the different kinds of vaccines?

Live attenuated (alive but modified so they do not replicate uncontrollably) Inactivated vaccines Toxoid vaccines Conjugated vaccines (antigen linked to a carrier) Subunit vaccines mRNA

Why do inactivated vaccines have a shorter-term protection period?

They are dead pathogens so they cannot replicate at all and thus booster doses are required

What is conjugated vaccine?

Linking polysaccharides to a protein

Why are conjugated vaccines given?

Thymus-independent antigens induce an inadequate immune response in infants and do not elicit memory cells Bacterial polysaccharides are thymus-independent antigens Protein based antigens are thymus -dependent

How is BCG administered?

Intradermally

Which live attenuated vaccines are given subcutaneously?

MMR Varicella Zoster

How are Rotavirus and OPV administered?

Orally

How is influenza vaccines given?

Intranasally or Intramuscularly

Which inactivated vaccines are given subcutaneously?

Influenza IPV

How is hep-A given?

Intramuscularly

Why are live attenuated vaccines only given after 9 months of age?

Weak immune system Breastfed so antibodies are present or circulating ones from the placenta Circulating antibodies would immediately neutralise live pathogen so vaccine would have no effect

How do mRNA vaccines work?

Antigen expression in Antigen Presenting Cells Dendritic Cell maturation and migration Activation of T helper cells and GC B cells

What is active immunisation?

Creating own antibodies either through vaccination or exposure

What is passive immunisation?

Ready-made antibodies, either naturally through placenta and breastfeeding or artificially through immune globulins

What are immunoglobulins?

Most commonly used products for passive immunization.

Why are immunoglobulins not efficient?

They are usually gone two months later, do not provide efficient protection.

Who is eligible for immunoglobulins?

Individuals unable to form antibodies Prevention of disease in individuals already exposed and there is inadequate time for immunisation For treatment of diseases that can be ameliorated by passive antibodies For diseases fro which immunisation os unavailable or impractical

What are non-specific immunoglobulins?

Standard human immunoglobulins, derived from plasma of adults

What are specific immunoglobulins?

Hyperimmune human immunoglobulins, plasma of donors with higher tiers

What kind of immunity do immunoglobulins provide?

Humoral immunity only

What are vaccines adverse effects?

Local reactions Systemic Reactions Allergic Reactions Disease Anything mild is considered normal

How are vaccines stored?

Refrigerated or frozen

Why should vaccines be refrigerated or frozen?

Breaking the "cold chain" may result in loss of potency

How are inactivated vaccines stored?

Refrigerator

How are live attenuated vaccines stored?

Freezer

How are toxins and immunoglobulins stored?

Refrigerator

Which kind of vaccines do nor require the cold chain?

Novel Nanovaccine

What kind of vaccines are polysaccharides attached to a protein?

Thymus dependent

What kind of vaccines are polysaccharides?

Thymus independent

What is septic inflammation a response of?

PAMPs

What is sterile inflammation a response?

DAMPs