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MEDI 202 - Genes To Community > Fetal Development & Fetal Membranes > Flashcards

Fetal Development & Fetal Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the amnion?

A

A thin but tough membrane that is filled amniotic fluid around the embryo/fetus.

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2
Q

What is the role of amniotic fluid?

A

Plays a major role in fetal development and growth

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3
Q

Where is amniotic fluid derived from?

A

Fetal urine, amniotic cells, secretion of fluid from respiratory tract.

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4
Q

How is the amniotic fluid removed to control volume?

A

Through maternal circulation

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5
Q

What is the function of the amniotic fluid?

A

Protection: fluid cushion: barrier to infection
Growth and Development: contains growth factors and swallowing amniotic fluid is necessary for normal growth, practice breathing ensures normal development of lungs

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6
Q

What is oligohydramnios?

A

Too little amniotic fluid within the amnion.

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7
Q

What causes oligohydramnios?

A

No kidney formation, no kidneys = no urine, which becomes amniotic fluid. (Renal agenesis)

Premature rupture of the membranes.

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8
Q

What is polyhydramnios?

A

Excessive amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus.

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9
Q

What causes polyhydramnios?

A

Foregut obstruction: amniotic fluid is not absorbed by the embryo.

Anencephaly: brain controls swallowing, if the brain is not developed properly then embryo cannot swallow the volume of amniotic fluid required.

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10
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

Small membranous structure outside the embryo with various functions during embryonic development.

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11
Q

What is the yolk sac lined by?

A

Exocoelomic membrane and hypoblasts.

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12
Q

What do the yolk sac endoderm cells form?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm.

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13
Q

What happens as the primary yolk sac decreases in size?

A

The secondary yolk sac forms.

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14
Q

What are the functions of the yolk sac?

A

Nutrient transfer,
Primordial germ cells appear in the wall of the yolk sac

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15
Q

What is the allantois?

A

Appears in the 3rd week as a diverticulum from the caudal wall of the yolk sac.

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16
Q

Why is the allantois important?

A

Early blood formation,
Blood vessels form umbilical vessels.

17
Q

What does the allantois develop into?

A

The urachus.

18
Q

What separated the cytotrophoblasts from the embryo?

A

The extra-embryonic mesoderm.

19
Q

What does the extra-embryonic mesoderm divide into?

A

Extra-embryonic splanchnic mesoderm and extra-embryonic somatic mesoderm.

20
Q

What does the extra-embryonic coelom become?

A

The chorionic cavity.

21
Q

How many structures make up the chorion? What are they?

A

3: Extra-embryonic somatic mesoderm, syncytiotrophoblasts, cytotrophoblast core.

22
Q

Where does the bushy chorion come from?

A

Branching and growth of the decidua basalis.

23
Q

Which part forms the fetal side of the placenta?

A

Villous chorion

24
Q

What is the placenta?

A

An organ that facilitates the physiological exchange of substances between mother and fetus.

25
Q

What is the maternal side of the placenta divided into?

A

Cotyledons.

26
Q

Where is the umbilical cord attached?

A

The chorionic plate of the fetal side.

27
Q

What is transferred from the mother to the fetus?

A

Nutrients and oxygen.

28
Q

What is transferred from the fetus to the mother?

A

Waste products.

29
Q

What hormones does the placenta produce?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin,
Progesterone and Estrogen.

30
Q

What is the placenta barrier?

A

A barrier which only allows certain substances to pass to the fetus, in order to protect it.

31
Q

Why do the substances the placenta barrier is formed of decrease in number?

A

The embryo grows and requires more nutrients so more substances need to pass through to it.

32
Q

What are some placenta abnormalities?

A

Placenta abruption,
Placenta accrete: abnormal adherence of chorionic villi to myometrium,
Placenta percreta: penetration of villi through the full thickness of the myometrium,
Placenta praevia: low-lying placenta partially or fully covering internal os.

33
Q

What do you measure in order to know the age of the fetus?

A

Crown rump length,
Circumference of head,
Femur length.

34
Q

When is genitelia recognised?

A

12 to 14 weeks.

35
Q

What is the fetus skin covered with during the 17 to 20 weeks?

A

Vernix caseosa and lanugo hair.

36
Q

What is IUGR?

A

Gases and nutrients cannot pass from mother to fetus so limited growth.

37
Q

What causes IUGR?

A

Smoking, Alcohol, Impaired uteroplacental blood flow, genetic factors and poor nutrition.

38
Q

What are the substances of the placenta barrier at week 4?

A

Syncitium
Cytotrophoblasts
Connective tissue
Endothelium

39
Q

What are the substances of the placenta barrier at week 16?

A

Synciotium
Endothelium

MEDI 202 - Genes To Community (23 decks)

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