Female Reproductive Tract & Embryonic Development

Question 1

What is the original position of the uterus?

Answer 1

Anteverted position

Question 2

What happens if the uterus changes position due to lack of uteroscral ligament support?

Answer 2

Uterine Prolapse

Question 3

Where is the vagina located?

Answer 3

Posterior to urethra and base of bladder, anterior to the rectum.

Question 4

What produces mucus in the vagina?

Answer 4

Cervical glands

Question 5

What are the three stages of fetal development?

Answer 5

Pre-embryonic (0 to 2 weeks),
Embryonic (3 to 8 weeks),
Fetal Period (9 weeks till birth)

Question 6

What is gametogenesis?

Answer 6

Formation and development of gametes, specialised cells for the purpose of fertilisation.

Question 7

What is capacitation?

Answer 7

The functional changes that occur to the sperm cell and it happens within the female reproductive tract.

Question 8

What is non-disjunction?

Answer 8

Failure of chromosomes to distribute normally during meiosis, more commonly seen in oocytes.

Question 9

When can non-disjunction happen?

Answer 9

Either during the first or second meiotic division.

Question 10

What is diploid?

Answer 10

Number of chromosomes in a somatic cell.

Question 11

What is haploid?

Answer 11

Half of the normal complement, 23 chromosomes.

Question 12

What is euploid?

Answer 12

Any exact multiple of haploid, can be diploid or triploid.

Question 13

What is aneuploidy?

Answer 13

Chromosome number that is not euploid, majority of aneuploid embryos do not survive, monosomy.

Question 14

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 14

Pregnancy that occurs when the embryo implants in a place other than the uterine cavity.

Question 15

What happens with ectopic pregnancies?

Answer 15

Uterine tubes most often rapture as a result of inability to sufficiently enlarge.

Question 16

When are most structures formed?

Answer 16

End of 8th week.

Question 17

What is gastrulation?

Answer 17

The transformation of a bilaminar layer to a trilaminar one.

Question 18

What does gastrulation begin with?

Answer 18

The formation of the primitive streak.

Question 19

What is the formation process of the primitive streak?

Answer 19

Day 14: epiblasts proliferate and migrate medially to the caudal end (endoderm)
The cranial end is known as the primitive node
Epiblasts ingress at the primitive knot (primitive pit) and along the primitive streak

Question 20

When is the primitive streak formed?

Answer 20

Week 3 and functions by the end of the 3rd week

Question 21

When does the primitive streak disappear?

Answer 21

In week 5

Question 22

What is a notochord?

Answer 22

Rod-like cartilaginous skeleton that supports the body

Question 23

How is the notochord formed?

Answer 23

Epiblasts which ingress through primitive node postally in the midline

Question 24

What does the elevation of the edges of the neural plate form?

Answer 24

Neural folds

Question 25

What is the space between neural folds called?

Answer 25

Neural groove

Question 26

What is the medial side of the neural fold called?

Answer 26

Neuroectoderm

Question 27

What are the lateral sides of the neural fold called?

Answer 27

Non-neural ectoderm

Question 28

Where does neural fusion start?

Answer 28

In the cervical region (5th somite)

Question 29

What are the last parts of the neural groove called?

Answer 29

Rostral and caudal neuropores

Question 30

What happens when the gaps of the neural tube do not close up?

Answer 30

There are neural tube defects

Question 31

Examples of neural tube defects?

Answer 31

Anencephaly and Myeloschisis

Question 32

What are neural crest cells?

Answer 32

Special cells that lie at the end of the apices of neural folds

Question 33

What structures can NCCs form?

Answer 33

Melanocytes, Schwann cells, Neurons

Question 34

What happens if they fail to migrate to the face?

Answer 34

Treacher Collins Syndrome

Question 35

What is Treacher Collins Syndrome?

Answer 35

Genetic craniofacial defect, Anomalies in hearing, breathing and eating