Female Reproductive Tract & Embryonic Development Flashcards
What is the original position of the uterus?
Anteverted position
What happens if the uterus changes position due to lack of uteroscral ligament support?
Uterine Prolapse
Where is the vagina located?
Posterior to urethra and base of bladder, anterior to the rectum.
What produces mucus in the vagina?
Cervical glands
What are the three stages of fetal development?
Pre-embryonic (0 to 2 weeks),
Embryonic (3 to 8 weeks),
Fetal Period (9 weeks till birth)
What is gametogenesis?
Formation and development of gametes, specialised cells for the purpose of fertilisation.
What is capacitation?
The functional changes that occur to the sperm cell and it happens within the female reproductive tract.
What is non-disjunction?
Failure of chromosomes to distribute normally during meiosis, more commonly seen in oocytes.
When can non-disjunction happen?
Either during the first or second meiotic division.
What is diploid?
Number of chromosomes in a somatic cell.
What is haploid?
Half of the normal complement, 23 chromosomes.
What is euploid?
Any exact multiple of haploid, can be diploid or triploid.
What is aneuploidy?
Chromosome number that is not euploid, majority of aneuploid embryos do not survive, monosomy.
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Pregnancy that occurs when the embryo implants in a place other than the uterine cavity.
What happens with ectopic pregnancies?
Uterine tubes most often rapture as a result of inability to sufficiently enlarge.
When are most structures formed?
End of 8th week.
What is gastrulation?
The transformation of a bilaminar layer to a trilaminar one.
What does gastrulation begin with?
The formation of the primitive streak.
What is the formation process of the primitive streak?
Day 14: epiblasts proliferate and migrate medially to the caudal end (endoderm)
The cranial end is known as the primitive node
Epiblasts ingress at the primitive knot (primitive pit) and along the primitive streak
When is the primitive streak formed?
Week 3 and functions by the end of the 3rd week
When does the primitive streak disappear?
In week 5
What is a notochord?
Rod-like cartilaginous skeleton that supports the body
How is the notochord formed?
Epiblasts which ingress through primitive node postally in the midline
What does the elevation of the edges of the neural plate form?
Neural folds
What is the space between neural folds called?
Neural groove
What is the medial side of the neural fold called?
Neuroectoderm
What are the lateral sides of the neural fold called?
Non-neural ectoderm
Where does neural fusion start?
In the cervical region (5th somite)
What are the last parts of the neural groove called?
Rostral and caudal neuropores
What happens when the gaps of the neural tube do not close up?
There are neural tube defects
Examples of neural tube defects?
Anencephaly and Myeloschisis
What are neural crest cells?
Special cells that lie at the end of the apices of neural folds
What structures can NCCs form?
Melanocytes, Schwann cells, Neurons
What happens if they fail to migrate to the face?
Treacher Collins Syndrome
What is Treacher Collins Syndrome?
Genetic craniofacial defect, Anomalies in hearing, breathing and eating
