The Popes: Dark Ages Flashcards
Pope who convinced Attila the Hun to not attack Rome.
Leo I
A certain pope ruled against the monk and preacher Eutychus, siding with Patriarch of Constantinople Flavian, and against monophysitism, in this work which was read aloud at Chalcedon.
Tome of Leo
Pope Leo’s schism with this bishop who tried to exercise authority in Gaul led to Valentinian III issuing an imperial decree affirming the supremacy of the Bishop of Rome.
Hilary of Arles
Christian sect believing that Christ had two wholly separate natures - like as in literally separate people - but only one will ( the two natures/people are joined in will).
Nestorianism
Title for Mary that the Nestorians opposed. Their opposition to this was criticized by Chalcedonians and Monophysites. Means God-Bearer.
Theotokos (God Bearer)
Bishop of Alexandria who vehemently opposed Nestorius.
Cyril of Alexandria
Council which denounced Nestorianism and the general views of the Antiochan Christians led by John of Antioch.
Council of Ephesus
Pope who agreed with the decision of Cyril of Alexandria and the Council of Ephesus on the Nestorians.
Celestine I
Council held by Theodosius II with Dioscorus of Alexandria, declaring Monophysitism. Heavily criticized by Pope Leo and was succeeded by Chalcedon two years later.
The Robbers Council (Second Council of Ephesus)
451 Council called by Marcian which affirmed 28 canons and reversed the decision of the robbers council, declaring Monophysitism a heresy. The ______ian definition of Christ as ‘one person with two natures’ is today followed by all three major Christian denominations.
Council of Chalcedon
Document promoted by Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople, a compromise with the monophysites and miaphysites (Christ is fully human and fully divine in one nature). Violently rejected by Pope Felix III leading to a power struggle called the Acacian Schism.
Henotikon
Pope who got into a struggle with archpriest Lawrence during the electoral process, leading to city wide rioting until Theodoric the Great declared this man the rightful pope.
Pope Symmachus
Pope who ended the Acacian Schism after the Byzantine emperor died and was succeeded by the hardcore Chalcedonian Justin I.
Pope Hormisdas
Heresy named after a British monk which denies the concept of original sin
Pelagianism
One of the most important popes in history - the man who founded the medieval papacy.
Gregory the Great (Pope Gregory I)
Great pope who wrote the famous works Commentary on Job (Also called Moralia on Job) and Pastoral Care
Gregory the Great
Three Answers: Gregory the Great worked to re-Christianize Great Britain, which had been overrun by pagans, sending St. Augustine who would become the first holder of this position.
Upon seeing English slaves in a market, Gregory the Great said they are not _____ but ____.
Archbishop of Canterbury, Angli, Angeli
Central Western plainchant, apocryphally attributed to a certain great pope.
Gregorian Chant
Gregory was the first pope who previously held this ascetic occupation.
Monk
Heresy supported by Constantinople, kind of a moderate form of monophysitism. Pope Honorius I’s support of this heresy has lead some to question papal infallibility. States that Christ has two natures but only one will. Similar to Nestorianism.
Monothelitism
This council called by Justinian, like Chalcedon, dealt with Monophysitism.
Second Council of Constantinople
This council, during the reign of Emperor Constantine IV, dealt with Monoelithism.
Third Council of Constantinople
The final pope before Francis to be born outside Europe - he held two synods to oppose iconoclasm, or the belief that icons of Jesus are blasphemous.
Pope Gregory III
Pope who was the first to wear cone headgear (eventually morphing into the triple crown papal tiara) and who deposed Childeric III, ending the Merovingian dynasty, replacing him with Pepin the Short who was the first Carolingian.
Pope Zachary
Pope who allied with Charlemagne against King Desiderius’s Lombards. He also supported icons at the 787 Second Council of Nicaea.
Adrian I
This pope was plotted against by relatives of Adrian, leading to an attempted assassination, a trial, and his eventually saving by Charlemagne. In gratitude, this pope crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day 800
Leo III
Battle during which an armed force organized by Leo IV defeated Muslim pirates at a port near Rome.
Battle of Ostia
Legendary female pope - most likely did not exist
Pope Joan
Pope whose support of Arnulf of Carinthia over Lambert for Holy Roman Emperor, and whose election to pope while being Bishop of Porto (Bishops were considered lifetime positions back then) led to him making strong enemies. One of them killed his predecessor Boniface VI, became pope himself as Stephen VI, and put his rotting body on trial in the Cadaver Synod!
Pope Formosus
