The Popes: Dark Ages

Question 1

Pope who convinced Attila the Hun to not attack Rome.

Answer 1

Leo I

Question 2

A certain pope ruled against the monk and preacher Eutychus, siding with Patriarch of Constantinople Flavian, and against monophysitism, in this work which was read aloud at Chalcedon.

Answer 2

Tome of Leo

Question 3

Pope Leo’s schism with this bishop who tried to exercise authority in Gaul led to Valentinian III issuing an imperial decree affirming the supremacy of the Bishop of Rome.

Answer 3

Hilary of Arles

Question 4

Christian sect believing that Christ had two wholly separate natures - like as in literally separate people - but only one will ( the two natures/people are joined in will).

Answer 4

Nestorianism

Question 5

Title for Mary that the Nestorians opposed. Their opposition to this was criticized by Chalcedonians and Monophysites. Means God-Bearer.

Answer 5

Theotokos (God Bearer)

Question 6

Bishop of Alexandria who vehemently opposed Nestorius.

Answer 6

Cyril of Alexandria

Question 7

Council which denounced Nestorianism and the general views of the Antiochan Christians led by John of Antioch.

Answer 7

Council of Ephesus

Question 8

Pope who agreed with the decision of Cyril of Alexandria and the Council of Ephesus on the Nestorians.

Answer 8

Celestine I

Question 9

Council held by Theodosius II with Dioscorus of Alexandria, declaring Monophysitism. Heavily criticized by Pope Leo and was succeeded by Chalcedon two years later.

Answer 9

The Robbers Council (Second Council of Ephesus)

Question 10

451 Council called by Marcian which affirmed 28 canons and reversed the decision of the robbers council, declaring Monophysitism a heresy. The ______ian definition of Christ as ‘one person with two natures’ is today followed by all three major Christian denominations.

Answer 10

Council of Chalcedon

Question 11

Document promoted by Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople, a compromise with the monophysites and miaphysites (Christ is fully human and fully divine in one nature). Violently rejected by Pope Felix III leading to a power struggle called the Acacian Schism.

Answer 11

Henotikon

Question 12

Pope who got into a struggle with archpriest Lawrence during the electoral process, leading to city wide rioting until Theodoric the Great declared this man the rightful pope.

Answer 12

Pope Symmachus

Question 13

Pope who ended the Acacian Schism after the Byzantine emperor died and was succeeded by the hardcore Chalcedonian Justin I.

Answer 13

Pope Hormisdas

Question 14

Heresy named after a British monk which denies the concept of original sin

Answer 14

Pelagianism

Question 15

One of the most important popes in history - the man who founded the medieval papacy.

Answer 15

Gregory the Great (Pope Gregory I)

Question 16

Great pope who wrote the famous works Commentary on Job (Also called Moralia on Job) and Pastoral Care

Answer 16

Gregory the Great

Question 17

Three Answers: Gregory the Great worked to re-Christianize Great Britain, which had been overrun by pagans, sending St. Augustine who would become the first holder of this position.

Upon seeing English slaves in a market, Gregory the Great said they are not _____ but ____.

Answer 17

Archbishop of Canterbury, Angli, Angeli

Question 18

Central Western plainchant, apocryphally attributed to a certain great pope.

Answer 18

Gregorian Chant

Question 19

Gregory was the first pope who previously held this ascetic occupation.

Answer 19

Monk

Question 20

Heresy supported by Constantinople, kind of a moderate form of monophysitism. Pope Honorius I’s support of this heresy has lead some to question papal infallibility. States that Christ has two natures but only one will. Similar to Nestorianism.

Answer 20

Monothelitism

Question 21

This council called by Justinian, like Chalcedon, dealt with Monophysitism.

Answer 21

Second Council of Constantinople

Question 22

This council, during the reign of Emperor Constantine IV, dealt with Monoelithism.

Answer 22

Third Council of Constantinople

Question 23

The final pope before Francis to be born outside Europe - he held two synods to oppose iconoclasm, or the belief that icons of Jesus are blasphemous.

Answer 23

Pope Gregory III

Question 24

Pope who was the first to wear cone headgear (eventually morphing into the triple crown papal tiara) and who deposed Childeric III, ending the Merovingian dynasty, replacing him with Pepin the Short who was the first Carolingian.

Answer 24

Pope Zachary

Question 25

Pope who allied with Charlemagne against King Desiderius’s Lombards. He also supported icons at the 787 Second Council of Nicaea.

Answer 25

Adrian I

Question 26

This pope was plotted against by relatives of Adrian, leading to an attempted assassination, a trial, and his eventually saving by Charlemagne. In gratitude, this pope crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day 800

Answer 26

Leo III

Question 27

Battle during which an armed force organized by Leo IV defeated Muslim pirates at a port near Rome.

Answer 27

Battle of Ostia

Question 28

Legendary female pope - most likely did not exist

Answer 28

Pope Joan

Question 29

Pope whose support of Arnulf of Carinthia over Lambert for Holy Roman Emperor, and whose election to pope while being Bishop of Porto (Bishops were considered lifetime positions back then) led to him making strong enemies. One of them killed his predecessor Boniface VI, became pope himself as Stephen VI, and put his rotting body on trial in the Cadaver Synod!

Answer 29

Pope Formosus