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BI111 > the plant body > Flashcards

the plant body Flashcards

1
Q

what is a plant?

A

multicellular eukaryotes
almost all photoautotrophs
cell walls
food storage molecules (amylose starch)
structural polysaccharide (cellulose)
sessile or stationary (can’t move once roots are set)
alternation of generations life cycle
embryo retained inside gametophyte

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2
Q

where and what is the shoot system?

A

above ground
photosynthetic leaves, stems

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3
Q

where and what is the root system?

A

below ground
non photosynthetic roots

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4
Q

what is the function of the shoot system

A

stems, leaves, buds, flowers
highly adaptive for photosynthesis and positions flowers for pollination
vegetative shoot
reproductive shoot

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5
Q

what is vegetative (reproduction) shoot?

A

stem with attached leaves and buds
bud gives rise to extention of shoot or new branching shoot

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6
Q

what is the reproductive shoot?

A

produces flowers which later develop fruits containing seeds

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7
Q

what is the root system functions?

A

usually grows below ground
anchors plant and supports upright parts
absorbs water and dissolved minerals from soil
stores carbohydrates

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8
Q

what are the three systems in the vascular plant body?

A

ground, dermal, and vascular

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9
Q

what is the organ/tissue system?

A

body structure that contains two types of tissues and have definite form and function

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10
Q

what is a tissue?

A

group of one or more types of cells and intercellular substances that function together in one or specialized task

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11
Q

what is the primary cell wall?

A

surrounds plasma membrane and cell contents

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12
Q

middle lamella

A

connects cells together made from pectin
has adhesive and elastic ability used to help glue cells together

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13
Q

what is cellulose microfibrils?

A

most abundant thing is made in cells

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14
Q

what is a tonoplast?

A

very important for storage and important for regulating the internal pressure

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15
Q

what is a large vacuole?

A

used for storage and to maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall

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16
Q

what is the plasmodesmata?

A

cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells
tubes that connects cells
allows to exchange things with other cells

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17
Q

what do some plant cells have?

A

lignified secondary cell wall

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18
Q

what is lignin?

A

cellulose fibers anchored with lignin (stronger and more rigid)
creates waterproof barrier
resistant to decay and attack by microbes
helps plant grow taller

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19
Q

what is ground tissue system?

A

structurally simple but exhibit important differences

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20
Q

what is vascular tissue system?

A

specialized for conducting fluids

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21
Q

what is the dermal tissue system

A

protects plant surfaces

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22
Q

what are the types of tissues in the dermal tissue system?

A

parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma

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23
Q

what are parenchyma tissues?

A

thin plasma membrane
vast bulk of most plants
alive and mature, can change into different cells
jack of all trades
soft primary tissue
air spaces
metabolically active when mature

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24
Q

what are collenchyma tissues?

A

tube like, marshmallow like
main function is strength and support
has pectin to reinforce parts
flexible strength
thicker primary cell wall

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25
Q

what are sclerenchyma tissues?

A

dead when matured
lots of lignin
downside, cells can’t connect or bring things in or out
provides rigid support and protection

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26
Q

what are the 2 main types of sclerenchyma tissues?

A

sclereids
fibers

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27
Q

what are sclerenchyma sclereids?

A

protective casing
cells irregular shape, commonly found in fruit and seeds

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28
Q

what are sclerenchyma fibers?

A

for support
cells often needle shaped with pointed tips some elasticity

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29
Q

what are the vascular tissues?

A

xylem and phloem

30
Q

what is the xylem?

A

conducts water and dissolved minerals
think, lignified secondary walls
dead when functional
hydrophobic properties

31
Q

what are the two types of xylem?

A

tracheids
vessel members

32
Q

what are tracheids?

A

elongated, tapered, overlapping ends
lateral connections through pits
first to evolve
like long straws

33
Q

what are vessel members?

A

shorter, tubelike columns
lateral connections through pits and perforations
better at quickly moving water more easily blocked by air bubbles in water

34
Q

what is phloem?

A

conducts sugars and other solutes
living when functional (some are on boarder of living)

35
Q

what are sieve tube members?

A

joined end to end in sieve tubes
assisted by companion cells
- parenchyma cells
end walls studded with pores

36
Q

how are vascular tissue organized?

A

into vascular bindles (can be organized in many ways)
primary phloem and xylem in each bundle
wrapped in sclerenchyma for support
lengthwise through parenchyma

37
Q

what are the two major classes of flowering plants?

A

monocots
eudicots

38
Q

what are monocots?

A

one cotyledon (seed leaves in plant embryo)

39
Q

what are eudicots?

A

two cotyledons

40
Q

what do eudicot vascular bundles look like?

A

forms a circle
- outer cortex, inner pith (storage filler)

41
Q

what do monocot vascular bundles look like?

A

scattered throughout ground tissue of stem
don’t have cortex stem

42
Q

growth in plants

A

indetermined growth in plants
- plant growths through life
- meristem gives rise to plant body
- plasticity of growth gives some flexibility since plants
cannot move around

43
Q

how do plants grow?

A

increasing number of cells
increase size of cells

44
Q

what is primary growth?

A

at the apical meristem at root and shoot tips
- self perpetuating clusters of cells
- increase height of shoot, length of roots

45
Q

what is secondary growth?

A

lateral meristems at root and shoot tips
- self perpetuating cylinder of tissue
- increase diameter of stems and roots

46
Q

what is the primary shoot system?

A

main stem, leaves, and buds
stems adapted to provide
- mechanical support
- house vascular tissues
- food and water storage
- buds and meristems for growth
leaves carry out photosynthesis and gas exchange

47
Q

what are the parts of a stem?

A

nodes
internodes
terminal bud
lateral bud

48
Q

what is a node?

A

where leaves are attached

49
Q

what is an internode?

A

between nodes

50
Q

what is a terminal bud?

A

at apex of main shoot

51
Q

what is a lateral bud?

A

in leaf axil, produced branches

52
Q

what is the stem organized into?

A

modular segments
at fundamental level, growth is very organized

53
Q

what are the tree primary meristems?

A

protoderm
procambium
ground meristem

54
Q

what is the protoderm?

A

produces stem’s epidermis

55
Q

what is the procambium?

A

produces primary xylem and phloem

56
Q

what is the ground meristem?

A

produces ground tissue

57
Q

what gives rise to leaves?

A

leaf primordia

58
Q

what do leaves adapt to?

A

responses to environmental and herbivore pressures
modified by selective pressures

59
Q

what are three leaf modifications?

A

spines (protection)
tendrils (support)
trichomes (secretion)

60
Q

what are tendrils?

A

one way that plants evolved in response selection to increase support

61
Q

what is the root system?

A

structure is specialized for underground growth
- absorbs water and minerals
- conducts water and minerals to aerial plant parts
- anchor and support
- store nutrients produced by photosynthesis

62
Q

what are the 3 types of roots?

A

tap root
fibrous root system
adventitious roots

63
Q

what are the zones for primary root growth?

A

zone of cell division
- root cap (highly lignified)
- quiescent center
zone of elongation
zone of maturation

64
Q

what are the 3 root vascular tissues?

A

exodermis
endodermis
pericycle

65
Q

what is the exodermis?

A

outer layer of root cortex

66
Q

what is the endodermis?

A

inner layer of root cortex

67
Q

what is the pericycle?

A

between stele and endodermis
can function as meristem

68
Q

secondary growth

A

plants with taller stems or wider canopies can intercept more light energy from the sun
with great energy supply for photosynthesis, has metabolic means to increase root and shoot system
- able to acquire more resources
- able to ultimately reproduce successfully

69
Q

what does secondary growth do?

A

increase girth of roots and stems

70
Q

what is the vascular cambium?

A

produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem
produce horizontal water transport channels (xylem rays)

71
Q

what is the cork cambium?

A

produces cork, part of protective bark

BI111 (11 decks)

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