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BI111 > the plant body > Flashcards

the plant body Flashcards

1
Q

what is a plant?

A

multicellular eukaryotes
almost all photoautotrophs
cell walls
food storage molecules (amylose starch)
structural polysaccharide (cellulose)
sessile or stationary (can’t move once roots are set)
alternation of generations life cycle
embryo retained inside gametophyte

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2
Q

where and what is the shoot system?

A

above ground
photosynthetic leaves, stems

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3
Q

where and what is the root system?

A

below ground
non photosynthetic roots

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4
Q

what is the function of the shoot system

A

stems, leaves, buds, flowers
highly adaptive for photosynthesis and positions flowers for pollination
vegetative shoot
reproductive shoot

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5
Q

what is vegetative (reproduction) shoot?

A

stem with attached leaves and buds
bud gives rise to extention of shoot or new branching shoot

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6
Q

what is the reproductive shoot?

A

produces flowers which later develop fruits containing seeds

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7
Q

what is the root system functions?

A

usually grows below ground
anchors plant and supports upright parts
absorbs water and dissolved minerals from soil
stores carbohydrates

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8
Q

what are the three systems in the vascular plant body?

A

ground, dermal, and vascular

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9
Q

what is the organ/tissue system?

A

body structure that contains two types of tissues and have definite form and function

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10
Q

what is a tissue?

A

group of one or more types of cells and intercellular substances that function together in one or specialized task

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11
Q

what is the primary cell wall?

A

surrounds plasma membrane and cell contents

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12
Q

middle lamella

A

connects cells together made from pectin
has adhesive and elastic ability used to help glue cells together

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13
Q

what is cellulose microfibrils?

A

most abundant thing is made in cells

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14
Q

what is a tonoplast?

A

very important for storage and important for regulating the internal pressure

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15
Q

what is a large vacuole?

A

used for storage and to maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall

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16
Q

what is the plasmodesmata?

A

cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells
tubes that connects cells
allows to exchange things with other cells

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17
Q

what do some plant cells have?

A

lignified secondary cell wall

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18
Q

what is lignin?

A

cellulose fibers anchored with lignin (stronger and more rigid)
creates waterproof barrier
resistant to decay and attack by microbes
helps plant grow taller

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19
Q

what is ground tissue system?

A

structurally simple but exhibit important differences

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20
Q

what is vascular tissue system?

A

specialized for conducting fluids

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21
Q

what is the dermal tissue system

A

protects plant surfaces

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22
Q

what are the types of tissues in the dermal tissue system?

A

parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma

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23
Q

what are parenchyma tissues?

A

thin plasma membrane
vast bulk of most plants
alive and mature, can change into different cells
jack of all trades
soft primary tissue
air spaces
metabolically active when mature

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24
Q

what are collenchyma tissues?

A

tube like, marshmallow like
main function is strength and support
has pectin to reinforce parts
flexible strength
thicker primary cell wall

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25
what are sclerenchyma tissues?
dead when matured lots of lignin downside, cells can't connect or bring things in or out provides rigid support and protection
26
what are the 2 main types of sclerenchyma tissues?
sclereids fibers
27
what are sclerenchyma sclereids?
protective casing cells irregular shape, commonly found in fruit and seeds
28
what are sclerenchyma fibers?
for support cells often needle shaped with pointed tips some elasticity
29
what are the vascular tissues?
xylem and phloem
30
what is the xylem?
conducts water and dissolved minerals think, lignified secondary walls dead when functional hydrophobic properties
31
what are the two types of xylem?
tracheids vessel members
32
what are tracheids?
elongated, tapered, overlapping ends lateral connections through pits first to evolve like long straws
33
what are vessel members?
shorter, tubelike columns lateral connections through pits and perforations better at quickly moving water more easily blocked by air bubbles in water
34
what is phloem?
conducts sugars and other solutes living when functional (some are on boarder of living)
35
what are sieve tube members?
joined end to end in sieve tubes assisted by companion cells - parenchyma cells end walls studded with pores
36
how are vascular tissue organized?
into vascular bindles (can be organized in many ways) primary phloem and xylem in each bundle wrapped in sclerenchyma for support lengthwise through parenchyma
37
what are the two major classes of flowering plants?
monocots eudicots
38
what are monocots?
one cotyledon (seed leaves in plant embryo)
39
what are eudicots?
two cotyledons
40
what do eudicot vascular bundles look like?
forms a circle - outer cortex, inner pith (storage filler)
41
what do monocot vascular bundles look like?
scattered throughout ground tissue of stem don't have cortex stem
42
growth in plants
indetermined growth in plants - plant growths through life - meristem gives rise to plant body - plasticity of growth gives some flexibility since plants cannot move around
43
how do plants grow?
increasing number of cells increase size of cells
44
what is primary growth?
at the apical meristem at root and shoot tips - self perpetuating clusters of cells - increase height of shoot, length of roots
45
what is secondary growth?
lateral meristems at root and shoot tips - self perpetuating cylinder of tissue - increase diameter of stems and roots
46
what is the primary shoot system?
main stem, leaves, and buds stems adapted to provide - mechanical support - house vascular tissues - food and water storage - buds and meristems for growth leaves carry out photosynthesis and gas exchange
47
what are the parts of a stem?
nodes internodes terminal bud lateral bud
48
what is a node?
where leaves are attached
49
what is an internode?
between nodes
50
what is a terminal bud?
at apex of main shoot
51
what is a lateral bud?
in leaf axil, produced branches
52
what is the stem organized into?
modular segments at fundamental level, growth is very organized
53
what are the tree primary meristems?
protoderm procambium ground meristem
54
what is the protoderm?
produces stem's epidermis
55
what is the procambium?
produces primary xylem and phloem
56
what is the ground meristem?
produces ground tissue
57
what gives rise to leaves?
leaf primordia
58
what do leaves adapt to?
responses to environmental and herbivore pressures modified by selective pressures
59
what are three leaf modifications?
spines (protection) tendrils (support) trichomes (secretion)
60
what are tendrils?
one way that plants evolved in response selection to increase support
61
what is the root system?
structure is specialized for underground growth - absorbs water and minerals - conducts water and minerals to aerial plant parts - anchor and support - store nutrients produced by photosynthesis
62
what are the 3 types of roots?
tap root fibrous root system adventitious roots
63
what are the zones for primary root growth?
zone of cell division - root cap (highly lignified) - quiescent center zone of elongation zone of maturation
64
what are the 3 root vascular tissues?
exodermis endodermis pericycle
65
what is the exodermis?
outer layer of root cortex
66
what is the endodermis?
inner layer of root cortex
67
what is the pericycle?
between stele and endodermis can function as meristem
68
secondary growth
plants with taller stems or wider canopies can intercept more light energy from the sun with great energy supply for photosynthesis, has metabolic means to increase root and shoot system - able to acquire more resources - able to ultimately reproduce successfully
69
what does secondary growth do?
increase girth of roots and stems
70
what is the vascular cambium?
produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem produce horizontal water transport channels (xylem rays)
71
what is the cork cambium?
produces cork, part of protective bark

BI111 (11 decks)

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