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species and speciation Flashcards

1
Q

what is a nested hierarchy of life?

A

made by carl linnaeus
its a way to identify how species relate to each other
categorized based on similar traits
starts broad and get more specific

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2
Q

what is a species?

A

group of organisms that are biologically distinct from other and evolving along lineages

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3
Q

what is a species concept?

A

a set of conditions that are necessary and sufficient to identify a group of individuals as a species
don’t only define what a species is but also define what speciation is

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4
Q

what is morphological species concept?

A

all individuals of a species share measurable traits that distinguish them from individuals of other species
based on notable differences in phenotype

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5
Q

what are the pros for morphological species concept?

A

a practical approach that everyone understands
focuses on novelties that have arisen over time
used for classifying fossil records
not focusing on selection and evolution

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6
Q

what are the cons of morphological species concept?

A

not useful where species exhibit substantial phenotypic polymorphism or belong to rings
not useful when there is lots of superficial phenotypic differences between putative species/groups

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7
Q

what is biological species concept?

A

based in the ability of populations to interbreed and produce viable offspring
under natural conditions

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8
Q

what are the pros for biological speciation?

A

many sister species are hard to distinguish
uses own perceptions to set limits
key unit of evolutionary change and that gene flow is the glue that holds species together
studies reasons that underlie reproductive isolation

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9
Q

what are the cons for biological species concept?

A

can only be used for living populations, no temporal dimensions relies on sexual reproduction
populations/species near each other can mate
doesn’t apply to organisms created by hybridization

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10
Q

what are pre zygotic isolating mechanisms?

A

temporal, ecological, behavioural, mechanical and gamete mortality
acts prior to the production of a zygote (fertilized egg)

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11
Q

what are post zygotic isolating mechanisms?

A

hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility
acts after the zygote formation

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12
Q

what are subspecies?

A

a taxonomic subdivision of a species

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13
Q

what is a species ring?

A

a species with a geographic distribution that forms a ring around uninhabitable terrain

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14
Q

what is a cline?

A

a pattern of smooth variation in a characteristic along a geographic gradient

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15
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

gametes from mother and father are passed to offspring

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16
Q

what is parthenogenesis?

A

only passes genes to daughter and nothing else, no male needed

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17
Q

what is hybridogenesis?

A

passes on what gamete they got from their mom and pairs it with a male gamete
same mother gamete is passed on

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18
Q

what is gynogenesis?

A

copying entire genome and passing it on to offspring, no male gamete in offspring’s genome
male gamete only triggers the copying of the genome

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19
Q

what is a reproductive isolating mechanism?

A

biological characteristic that prevents the gene pool of 2 species from mixing

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20
Q

what is a hybrid?

A

an organism produced by mating between parents of different species or sub species

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21
Q

what is ecological isolation?

A

prezygotic isolating mechanism
species live in same geographical region occupy different habitats

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22
Q

what is temporal isolation

A

pre zygotic isolating mechanism
live in same habitat but breed at different times of day or different times of year

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23
Q

what is biological isolation?

A

prezygotic isolating mechanism
nonliving tissues between the vascular cambium and the stem surface
signals of one species isn’t recognized by the other

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24
Q

what is mechanical isolation?

A

prezygotic isolation
differences in the structure of reproductive organs or other body parts

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25
what is gametic isolation?
prezygotic isolation incompatibility between the sperm of one species and the eggs of another; may prevent fertilization
26
what is hybrid inviability?
postzygotic isolating mechanism hybrid individual has low probability of survival to reproductive age
27
what is hybrid sterility?
postzygotic isolating mechanism hybrid offspring cannot form functional gametes
28
what is hybrid breakdown?
postzygotic isolating mechanism hybrids are capable of reproducing but their offspring have either reduced fertility or reduced viability
29
what is ecological species concept?
groups of individual organisms adapt to particular resources (niche) in the environment delineations based on niche usage emphasis on selection, wedge between different groups
30
what are the pros of ecological species concept?
uses species own ecological usage to set limits strong biological and evolutionary change emphasis on selection as important force preventing intermediate forms
31
what are the cons of ecological species concept?
many sister species use same resources defining niche use can be very difficult many species are flexible in niche can't use on extinct populations
32
what is the phylogenetic species concept?
species are a diagnosable cluster of individuals within which there is a parental pattern of ancestor and decent based on common ancestry look at genome of species see if there is genetic similarities
33
what are the pros of phylogenetic species concept?
considers temporal nature if species no complicated sub species designations not troubled by possibility that slightly different geographic forms might interbreed
34
what are the cons of phylogenetic species concepts?
too easy to meet species threshold - results in more rare species divisions based on minor differences uni parental species, little gene flow groups that reproduce may not remain separate species due to gene flow
35
what is the practical species concept?
species delineations based on subjective judgement of any competent systematist
36
what are the pros of practical species concept?
decisions based in careful consideration of all available info, flexible criteria for different taxa
37
what are the cons for practical species concept?
no philosophically satisfying what happens when 2 competent systematists disagree
38
what is differential fitness species concept?
species are groups of individuals that are reciprocally characterized by features that would have negative effects in other groups. can't regularly exchange between groups upon contact differences may be due to differential adaptation, genetic drift, or other non adaptive processes
39
what are the pros to differential fitness species concept?
allows exchange of genes recognizes species specific features arise via reproductive isolation and differential selection reproductive isolation is not necessary (doesn't require restricted reproduction) applicable to uni-parental and bi parental organisms
39
what are the cons of differential fitness species concepts?
can only be used easily in living populations need to know the fitness effect of trait variation (hard to figure out) how to deal with lineages of individuals inhabiting the same environment but carrying different selectively natural alleles
40
what is retrospective reproductive community concept?
species delineations are only calid looking back in time
41
what is the problem with species concepts?
each species concept tells us part of the story of biodiversity trade off between concepts that are universal vs. those that are specific
42
what is allopatric speciation?
the evolutions of reproductive isolating mechanisms between 2 populations that are geographically separated different countries or separated by a physical barrier no genetic flow
43
what is a species cluster?
a group of closely related species recently descended from a common ancestor separated and changed on their own
44
what is secondary contact?
contact after a period of geographical isolation
45
what is species fusion?
merger of 2 populations into one after the establishment of secondary contact
46
what are hybrid zones?
a geographical area where hybrid offspring of 2 divergent populations or species are common
47
what is reinforcement?
1. enhancement of reproductive isolation that had developed while populations were geographically separated 2. encouraging or establishing a pattern of behaviour using a positive or negative stimulus
48
what is sexual reproduction?
can lead to speciation strong mating within own population
49
what is parapatric speciation?
same geographical area in adjacent countries mutations occur over time selective barriers (phenotypic traits for specific environment) somewhat controversial
50
what is sympatric speciation?
speciation that occurs without the geographic isolation of populations rare no barriers most controversial
51
what is a host race?
population that may be reproductively isolated from other populations of the same species as a consequence of their adaptation to feed on specific host plants
52
what is polyploidy?
the condition of having one or more extra copies of the entire haploid complement of chromosomes
53
what is autopolyploidy?
genetic condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes from the same parent species
54
what is unreduced gametes?
a gamete that contains the same number of chromosomes as a somatic cell
55
what is allopolyploidy?
genetic conditions of having 2 or more complete sets of chromosomes from different parent species
56
what are the chromosomal alterations?
deletion, duplication, translocation, and inversion
57
what is deletion?
broken segments lost from chromosome
58
what is duplication?
broken segments inserted into homologous chromosome
59
what is inversion?
broken segments reattached in reversed orientation
60
what is translocation?
broken segments attached to nonhomologous chromosome
61
what is inversion a problem?
they can't recombine during meiosis due to chromosomes not lining up in the same orientation
62
what is genetics mechanisms of speciation?
gradual and or accumulation of genetic differences over time involve few or many traits
63
what is nondisjunction?
failure of homologous pair separation during meiosis 1 failure of chromatid separation during meiosis 2
64
what are the changes in chromosomal numbers?
euploids, aneuploids and polyploids
65
what are euploids?
normal number of chromosomes
66
what are aneuploids?
extra or missing chromosomes
67
what are polyploids?
extra sets of chromosomes spindle fails during mitosis

BI111 (11 decks)

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