Population Genetics

Question 1

what is population genetics?

Answer 1

understanding the advantages or disadvantages of a change in species

Question 2

what is phenotypic variation

Answer 2

differences in appearance or function

Question 3

what is quantitative variation

Answer 3

variation that is measured on a continuum rather than discrete units or categories
doesn’t follow mendelian inheritance patterns
frequently bell shaped distribution

Question 4

what is qualitative variation

Answer 4

variation that exists in two or more discrete states with intermediate forms often being absent
typically monogenetic
follows mendelian inheritance patterns

Question 5

what is polymorphism

Answer 5

the existence of discrete variants of character among individuals in a population

Question 6

what is a recessive allele

Answer 6

will only be expressed if paired with another recessive allele

Question 7

what is an allele

Answer 7

possesses different versions of the same gene

Question 7

what is a dominate allele

Answer 7

will be expressed no matter if a recessive one is present

Question 7

what is evolution

Answer 7

main unifying concept in biology
explaining how the diversity of life in earth arose and how species change over time in response to changes in their abiotic and biotic environment

Question 8

what is a gene pool

Answer 8

the sum of all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals in a population

Question 8

what is the hardy- weinberg principle

Answer 8

mathematical model that predicts genotype frequencies: used as a null against which observed data can be compared
used to understand if the changes in the population is or isn’t evolution
used to make predictions of non evolving populations

Question 9

what are the hardy weinberg principle’s assumptions?

Answer 9

random mating
large population size
no immigration/emigration/ mutation
no selection

Question 10

what is random mating

Answer 10

everyone has equal chance of mating with everyone in the population

Question 11

what is large population size

Answer 11

make sure small changes don’t effect the whole population

Question 12

what is no immigration/emigration/ mutation

Answer 12

closed population and no new genetic variation

Question 13

what is no selection

Answer 13

no individuals genotype/ phenotype is better than the next

Question 14

what is genetic equilibrium

Answer 14

the point at which neither the allele frequencies nor the genotype frequencies in a population change in succeeding generations

Question 15

what happens when random mating

Answer 15

assortative mating
disassortative mating

Question 16

what is assortative mating

Answer 16

individual of same phenotype mate with each other
increase in homozygous individuals and decrease in heterozygous

Question 17

what is disassortative mating

Answer 17

each individual mates with the opposite phenotype
increase in heterozygous

Question 18

what is gene flow

Answer 18

the transfer of genes from one population to another through the movement of individuals or their gametes

Question 19

what is genetic drift

Answer 19

random fluctuations in allele frequencies as result of chance events; usually reduces genetic variation in a population

Question 20

what happens when large population size is violated?

Answer 20

small populations, when one change can have big impact on population
small populations have much less genetic diversity making it hard to make predictions

Question 21

what happens when no migration or emigration is violated

Answer 21

can’t predict what is going to happen to the population

Question 22

what happens when no selection is violated

Answer 22

only mating with one type of species due to being selected a pon

Question 23

what is the deleterious alleles

Answer 23

if it is dominate, will be selected against
of recessive, goes un noticed until it shows up in a pair

Question 24

why are homozygous lethal recessive alleles not removed by selection when a deleterious allele is present

Answer 24

frequency will decrease but carried in heterozygous individuals

Question 25

what are agents of microevolutionary change

Answer 25

mutation
genetic drift
gene flow
natural selection
non-random mating

Question 26

what is mutation?

Answer 26

introduction of new genetic variation
genetic variation increases

Question 27

natural selection

Answer 27

change in frequencies of alleles

Question 28

non-random mates

Answer 28

may change allelic frequencies

Question 29

what is directional selection

Answer 29

a type of selection in which individuals near one end of the phenotypic spectrum have the highest relative fitness

Question 30

what is stabilizing selection

Answer 30

a type of natural selection in which individuals expressing intermediate phenotypes have the highest relative fitness

Question 31

what is disruptive selection

Answer 31

a type of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes have higher relative fitness than intermediate phenotypes

Question 32

what is inbreeding

Answer 32

a special form of nonrandom mating in which genetically related individuals mate with each other

Question 33

what is inbreeding depression

Answer 33

a decline in the average fitness of inbred individuals in a population

Question 34

what is sexual selection

Answer 34

form of natural selection established by male competition for access to females and by the females’ choice of mates

Question 34

what is balancing selection

Answer 34

a natural selection in which more than one allele is actively maintained in a population