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BI111 > plant growth and development > Flashcards

plant growth and development Flashcards

1
Q

what is plant growth and development?

A

understand the diversity of plant structures and life histories, need to understand role that signal response pathways play in their growth and development

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2
Q

what are signal response pathways?

A

hormones and environmental stimuli alter behaviour of target cells
plants are very plastic to their environment
different responses in different tissues

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3
Q

what can signals do?

A

induce changes in cell’s shape or internal structure
influence cell’s metabolism
alter gene activation and rate of protein synthesis
set in motion events that modify existing cell proteins

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4
Q

where do the receptors bind to?

A

target cell’s plasma membrane on ER or cytoplasm

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5
Q

what does the binding of the receptors do?

A

triggers release of internal second messenger that diffuse through cytoplasm
provides chemical signal that alters cell functioning

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6
Q

what is auxins?

A

mainly indoleacetic acid (IAA)

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7
Q

where is auxin synthesized?

A

apical meristem
developing leaves and embryos

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8
Q

what tissues does auxin affect?

A

growing tissues
buds
roots
leaves
fruits
vascular tissue

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9
Q

what are the effects of auxin?

A

governs growth responses to light and gravity
growth and elongation of stems
promote lateral roots and dormancy in lateral buds
inhibits lead abscissions
inhibits growth of lateral meristem

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10
Q

what is tropism?

A

plants respond to environmental stimuli (light) and grows towards the light

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11
Q

how does auxin move?

A

through polar transport from the tips of developing leaves towards the stem

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12
Q

what type of plants have a high sensitivity to auxin?

A

monocots

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13
Q

what is the most common type of gibberellins?

A

GA1 is most common

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14
Q

where is gibberellin synthesized?

A

root and shoot tips
young leaves
developing embryos

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15
Q

what effects does gibberellins have of plant tissues?

A

stems
developing seeds

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16
Q

what are the effects of gibberellins?

A

promote cell divisions and growth and elongation of stems
promote seed germination
increase internodal distance

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17
Q

where is abscisic acid synthesized?

A

in the leaves

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18
Q

what tissues are effected by abscisic acid?

A

buds
seeds
stomata

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19
Q

what are the effects of abscisic acid?

A

promotes responses to environmental stress
inhibiting growth/ promoting dormancy
stimulates stomata to close in water stressed plants

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20
Q

where is ethylene synthesized?

A

shoot tips
roots
leaf nodes
flowers
fruits

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21
Q

what tissues are affected by ethylene?

A

seeds
buds
seedlings
mature leaves
flowers
fruit

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22
Q

what are the effects of ethylene?

A

regulates elongation and division of cells in seedling stems and roots
regulates senescence and abscission of leaves, flowers and fruits

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23
Q

what is senescence?

A

again of living organisms
removal of seed pods in soybean delays senescence since ethylene is not produced

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24
Q

what is dehiscence?

A

shed ripened grains

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25
Q

what is indehiscence?

A

hold on to ripened grains

26
Q

what does ethylene promote?

A

horizontal growth

27
Q

what is the most abundant cytokinin?

A

zeatin

28
Q

where is cytokinin synthesized?

A

mainly root tips

29
Q

what tissues are effected by cytokinin?

A

shoot apical meristem
leaves
buds

30
Q

what are the effects of cytokinin?

A

promote cell divisions and growth and elongation of stems
promote seed germination
inhibits leaf aging

31
Q

what are brassinosteroids?

A

group of steroid hormones

32
Q

where are brassinosteroids synthesized?

A

young seeds, shoots and leaves

33
Q

what tissues are mainly effected by brassinosteroids?

A

mainly shoot tips
developing embryos

34
Q

what are the effects pf brassinosteroids?

A

stimulate cell division and elongation
differentiation of vascular tissue

35
Q

what are jasmonates?

A

JA derived from fatty acids

36
Q

where are jasmonates synthesized?

A

roots
seeds
probably other tissues

37
Q

what tissues are effected by jamonates?

A

various tissues including damaged ones

38
Q

what are the effects of jamonates?

A

in defense response
promote transcription of genes encoding protease inhibitors
possible role in plant responses to nutrient deficiencies

39
Q

what are plants chemical defense system?

A

prevent or mediate damage to plant tissues from infectious bacteria, fungi, worms or plant eating insects

40
Q

what is a hypersensitive response?

A

isolates infection site by surrounding with dead cells
salicylic acid induces synthesis of pathogenesis related proteins

41
Q

what is secondary metabolites?

A

commonly mediate a plant’s antagonistic interactions
not essential for growth and life but help with a plant’s defense against with pathogens and herbivores

42
Q

what is gene for gene recognition?

A

enables plants to recognize pathogen chemically an mount defenses against it

43
Q

what is systemic acquired resistance?

A

provides long term protection against some pathogens

44
Q

what is phototropism?

A

growth response to directional light source
blue light receptors trigger auxin transport
auxin triggers differential cell elongation

45
Q

what is gravitropism?

A

growth response to earth’s gravitational pull
- statoliths move in response to gravity

46
Q

what it thigmotropism?

A

growth in response to contact with a solid object

47
Q

what is thigmomorphogenesis?

A

mechanical stress causes the stem to add girth
- caused by frequent strong winds, rainstorms, grazing animals and even farm machinery

48
Q

what is nastic movement?

A

reversible response to nondirectional stimuli
- movement in leaves, leadlets and flowers

49
Q

what are circadian rhythms in plants?

A

24 hours cycles even when environmental conditions remains consistent
- regulated by a biological clock and helps ensures that of
single species do the same

50
Q

what is a biological clock?

A

internal time-measuring mechanisms with a biological basis
- adapt organisms to recurring environmental changes

51
Q

what are environmental cues can reset clocks?

A

enables seasonal adjustments in growth
development and reproduction

52
Q

what is photoperiodism?

A

responses to change in relative length of daylight and darkness
allows biological clock to be reset for seasonal adjustments to day length
controlled by phytochrome

53
Q

what is phytochrome?

A

blue green pigment
converts to active form during daylight when red wavelengths dominate
reverts to inactive form a sunset at night or in shade when far red wavelengths predominate

54
Q

what does phytochrome control?

A

types of enzymes produced in particular cell
used to sense long nights of autumn in preparation for dormancy

55
Q

what is a flowering response?

A

long day plants
short day plants
intermediate day plants
day neural plants

56
Q

what is a long day plant?

A

flowers in spring or summer when day length is long relative to night

57
Q

what is a short day plant?

A

flower in late summer or autumn when day length is relatively short

58
Q

what is an intermediate day plant?

A

in between long and short day plants

59
Q

what is a day neutral plant?

A

flowering not affected by photoperiod

60
Q
A

BI111 (11 decks)

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