plant reproduction

Question 1

what is a heterosporous?

Answer 1

plant produce 2 types of spores which develop into 4 types of gametophytes

Question 2

what is endosporous development?

Answer 2

in many heterosporous plants, gametophytes produce by spores develop inside spore wall
increase in fertilization and increase in survival success

Question 3

what is whorl 1?

Answer 3

the sepals
function is to protect the diploid
outer most later

Question 4

what is whorl 2?

Answer 4

petals
attracts insects that can see in that colour spectrum
attracts pollinators

Question 5

how many petals does a monocot have?

Answer 5

3

Question 6

what is whorl 1 and 2 called and why?

Answer 6

called the perianth
vegetative, no roll in reproduction

Question 7

what is whorl 3?

Answer 7

stamens (male reproductive parts)
gametophyte tissue

Question 8

what is an anther?

Answer 8

when matured, gametophyte expressed to be picked up by wind or pollinator

Question 9

what is whorl 4?

Answer 9

carpel (female reproductive parts)
stigma, style, ovary

Question 10

what is the stigma?

Answer 10

highly controlled by plant
pollen must land on it to be fertilized
can be made hospitable to pollen
plant can choose if it accepts the pollen or not

Question 11

what is the style?

Answer 11

pollen moves down and deposited into the body

Question 12

how many eggs can the ovary have?

Answer 12

1 - 100s of eggs

Question 13

where are the eggs housed in the ovary?

Answer 13

in the ovules

Question 14

what is a perfect flower?

Answer 14

has both stamens and carpels on same flower
high change of self fertilization, therefore high change of inbreeding

Question 15

what is an imperfect flower?

Answer 15

stamens or carpels, not both
more rare than perfect flowers

Question 16

what is dichogamy?

Answer 16

sequential hermaphroditism in a perfect flower
separation in time of maturation and fertilization to decrease inbreeding

Question 17

what is protandry?

Answer 17

male phase comes before the female phase

Question 18

what is protogyny?

Answer 18

female phase comes before the male phase

Question 19

what are monoecious plant?

Answer 19

male flowers and female flowers in same plant

Question 20

what is a dioecious plant?

Answer 20

some plants with only staminate flowers, some with only pistilate flowers
quality over quantity
more morpho genetically diverse
less chance of fertilization

Question 21

what is approach herkogamy (pin)?

Answer 21

stigmas are above the anthers
less chance of self fertilization

Question 22

what is reverse herkogamy (thrum)?

Answer 22

stigmas are below the anthers
high chance of self fertilization

Question 23

pollen grains

Answer 23

meiosis produces haploid microspores than goes to produce a pollen grain
one cell develops into two sperm cells
other cell produces pollen tube

Question 24

ovules

Answer 24

form inside carpel, on wall of ovary
micropyle opening at one end
meiosis produces 4 haploid megaspores
undergoes 3 mitosis without cytokinesis producing 8 nuclei in a single large cell

Question 25

what is a female gametophyte?

Answer 25

egg cell
2 synergids, role in pollination
2 polar nuclei, give rise to endosperm

Question 26

what is self-incompatibility?

Answer 26

some plants are selective to who fertilizes
will see of male gametophyte has same phenotype
if have different phenotype, will bring in to fertilize egg

Question 27

what is double fertilization?

Answer 27

one sperm nucleus fuses with one egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote
other sperm nucleus fuses with the central cell to form triploid endosperm tissue

Question 28

what are the adaptive benefits of double fertilization?

Answer 28

helps signal mother plant to say egg has been fertilized successfully
difference in genetic diversity

Question 29

seed

Answer 29

mature ovule encased by protective seed coat (Testa)
embryo has lengthwise exit
structure forms when ovule matures after sperm fertilization through pollination
seeds are major adaptation for uncertain environments

Question 30

fruits

Answer 30

matured or ripened ovary
protects seeds
helps disperse seeds by animals, wind or water
fruit wall (pericarp) develops from ovary wall

Question 31

what is germination?

Answer 31

reactivation of metabolically inert embryo
does this by access to water

Question 32

eudicot embryos

Answer 32

2 cotyledons (seed leaves)
embryonic shoot
- upper epicotyl and lower hypocotyl
embryonic root
- radicle

Question 33

monocot embryos

Answer 33

single cotyledon
- scutellum absorbs nutrients from endosperm
coleoptile
- protects shoot apical meristem and first leaves
coleorhiza
- protects radicle

Question 34

what are the different modes of germination?

Answer 34

epigeal
hypogeal

Question 35

what is epigeal germination?

Answer 35

the cotyledon grows out of ground
faster growth
good nutrient rich soil

Question 36

what is a hypogeal?

Answer 36

cotyledon is kept underground
nutrient poor environment
slower growth

Question 37

what is vegetative reproduction?

Answer 37

parts of body can be broken off and planted and grown new plant