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BI111 > Evolution and Adaptation > Flashcards

Evolution and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

who was before Darwin?

A

Lamarck

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2
Q

what was Lamarck’s contributions to evolutionary thought?

A

species change over time
changes pass on from one generation to another
organisms respond to environmental conditions
hypothesized mechanism, how species evolve over time

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3
Q

what is Darwin’s first observation and interference?

A

observation: populations have great capacity to grow, but are ultimately limited by resource availability
Interference: competition between individuals in a population for resources

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4
Q

what is a Darwin’s 2nd observation and interference?

A

observation: individuals vary within population in heritable traits related to competitive success (ultimately survival)
Interference: some individuals more likely to survive and reproduce that others

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5
Q

what is Darwin’s third observation and interference?

A

observation: individual may also vary within populations in heritable traits related to reproductive competitive success (reproductive success)
inference: some individuals more likely to reproduce than others (traits with competitive success will mate more)

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6
Q

what is adaptive evolution?

A

a population’s characteristics change over time, as advantageous traits become more common

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7
Q

competition for seed among finches

A

resources were noy limited, there would be no consequences for phenotypic variations

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8
Q

what is the Phenotypic variation in beak length among finches?

A

of there was no phenotypic variation there can be no differential performance between individuals

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9
Q

what is the beak length influences an individual’s ability to consume seeds

A

the functional relationship between phenotype and performance

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10
Q

what is the Beak length variation has an genetic component

A

evolution is change in allele frequencies over time, so variation in trait must be heritable to have an effect

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11
Q

what is the beak length has an environmental component?

A

not necessary for evolution to occur

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12
Q

what is natural selection?

A

alleles increase likelihood of survival and the reproductive output of the individuals that carry them become more common in subsequent generations

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13
Q

what is artificial selection

A

selective breeding of animals or plants to ensure that certain desirable traits appear appear at higher frequencies in successive generations

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14
Q

what are the changes on allele frequencies over time?

A

evolution encompasses all types of changes brought about by selection processes and chance events
Darwin suggested mechanism of natural selection (adaptive evolution) used by domesticated species
illustrated by artificial selection

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15
Q

what is artificial selection?

A

selective breeding of animals or plants to ensure that certain desirable traits appear at higher frequencies in successive generations

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16
Q

what happens with domesticated species and adaptation?

A

depending on environment, different phenotypes are adaptive or deleterious
traits that put individuals at a disadvantage may be desirable to humans and become favoured by selective breeding

17
Q

what is an endemic species?

A

a species that is found in a single, limited, geographic region on earth

18
Q

what is an adaptation?

A

characteristics that help an organism survive longer or reproduce more under a particular set of environmental conditions

19
Q

what is fitness?

A

an individuals reproductive success

20
Q

what is the misconception about environmental challenges?

A

misconception: environmental challenge is what brings about new genetic variation
reality: selection often acts on pre existing variation

21
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

the evolution of similar adaptations in distantly related organisms that occupy similar environments

22
Q

what is anagenesis?

A

accumulation of changes in lineages, with no change in number of species

23
Q

what is cladogenesis?

A

accumulation of changes in 2 or more descendent species (splitting of lineages)

24
Q

what is the rate of speciation?

A

thought changes were slow and gradual
puncture equilibrium: a fast change followed by a period of no change

25
Q

what is generation time?

A

the average time between the birth of an organism and the birth of its offspring

26
Q

what are the three changes in chromosome numbers?

A

euploids
aneuploids
polyploids

27
Q

what is euploids?

A

normal number of chromosomes

28
Q

what is aneuploids?

A

extra or missing chromosomes

29
Q

what is polyploids?

A

extra set of chromosomes
spindle fails during mitosis

30
Q

what is autopolyploid?

A

2 different species that mate and make a genetic hybrid
2 diploids from 2 parents

31
Q

what is a misconception about evolution?

A

that it is linear
there is a lot of different branches that didn’t survive due to selection
reality: evolutionary radiations

32
Q

what is population genetics?

A

the branch of science that studies the prevalence and variation in genes among populations of populations of individuals

33
Q

what is microevolution?

A

small scale changes in the genetic makeup within populations over time, often in response to shifting environmental circumstances or chance events

34
Q

what is macroevolution?

A

large scale evolutionary patterns in the history of life, producing major changes in species and higher taxonomic groups

35
Q

what can maladaptation arise

A

mutation, genetic drift, variation in selection, heterozygote advantage, gene flow, lack of sufficient genotypic variation, trade offs between traits

36
Q

what is evolutionary developmental biology?

A

study effects of variation in genetic sequence, timing and location of gene expression during growth and development

37
Q

what is homeotic genes?

A

control transcription of development genes
small changes in homeotic genes can produce large changes in morphology

38
Q

what is developmental switches?

A

regulatory sites of transcription factors switch on or off downstream genes
determined by natural selection
small changes in regulation produced large changes in morphology

BI111 (11 decks)

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