plant transportation and nutrients

Question 1

what is the simplest form of passive transport?

Answer 1

simple diffusion is simplest form of passive transport
- no metabolic energy
- moves down concentration gradient

Question 2

what is active transportation?

Answer 2

requires metabolic energy (ATP)
based in H+ pumps
H+ gradient maintained through ATP
H+ diffusion into cell powers uptake of solutes

Question 3

what is symport active transportation?

Answer 3

material transported in same direction as movement of H+ and solute, organic uptake
energy released brings molecule through with it

Question 4

what is antiport active transport?

Answer 4

mineral transported in opposite direction to movement of H+ and solute, Na+ export
energy released expels a proton

Question 5

what is diffusion?

Answer 5

the spontaneous movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient

Question 6

what is osmosis?

Answer 6

special case of diffusion
water molecules diffuse across selectively permeable membrane from area of high concentration to a low concentration using aquaporins

Question 7

what is a hypertonic solution?

Answer 7

higher concentration outside of the cell
water moves out of cell

Question 8

what is an isotonic solution?

Answer 8

equal concentration of solutes inside and outside of cell
no net movement of water

Question 9

what is a hypotonic solution?

Answer 9

higher concentration of water inside of cell
water moves into the cell

Question 10

what happens of plant cells in a hypertonic solution?

Answer 10

cells becomes plasmolyzed

Question 11

what happens to plant cells in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 11

cells become turgid

Question 12

how do cells not burst in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 12

the tonoplast and water will go into a vacuole and create pressure against the cell wall. the cell wall will push against and will stop the cell from expanding

Question 13

what are the properties of water molecules?

Answer 13

cohesion
adhesion
H-bonding

Question 14

what is H-bonding in water?

Answer 14

can form 4 weak H-bonds with adjacent molecules

Question 15

what is the cohesion property of water?

Answer 15

water molecules sticking to itself
good for plant vascular system

Question 16

what is the adhesion property of water?

Answer 16

pulls up the sides of a glass tube

Question 17

what characteristics of water does the xylem use?

Answer 17

cohesion and adhesion

Question 18

what is transpiration?

Answer 18

evaporation of water out of plants
greater than water used in growth and metabolism

Question 19

what are cohesion-tension mechanism of water transport?

Answer 19

evaporation from mesophyll walls
replacement by cohesion (H-bonds) water in xylem
tension, negative pressure gradient, adhesion of water to xylem walls adds to tension

Question 20

what is the stoma?

Answer 20

transpiration losses of water must be regulated to prevent rapid desiccation
guard cells help control internal environment

Question 21

how does the stomata open?

Answer 21

when potassium is mostly in the guard cells

Question 22

how does the stomata close?

Answer 22

when potassium is mostly in the epidermal cells

Question 23

what is the physiology of a stomata?

Answer 23

must balance water loss and carbon dioxide uptake
opens to increase photosynthesis
closes under water stress

Question 24

what is an arid adaptation?

Answer 24

xerophytes have adaptations to hot, dry environments
- thickened cuticle, sunken stomata, water storage in stems,
modified leaves
seen in CAM plants

Question 25

organic compounds in plants

Answer 25

macromolecules broken down into constituents for transport across cell membrane

Question 26

what is translocation of macromolecule constituents?

Answer 26

long distance transport of substances via phloem flow though sieve tubes whose ends calls studded with pores

Question 27

what are companion cells?

Answer 27

connected to phloem through plasmodesmata loads and unloads molecules in the phloem active unloading and loading into the phloem

Question 28

what is a source?

Answer 28

any region of plant where organic substances are loaded into phloem

Question 29

what is the sink?

Answer 29

any region of plant where organic substances are unloaded from phloem

Question 30

what is the pressure slow mechanism that mover substances in the phloem?

Answer 30

bulk flow under pressure from sources to sinks - based in water potential gradient

Question 31

where do most of plant nutrients comes from?

Answer 31

photosynthesis

Question 32

how many essential elements do plants need?

Answer 32

17 if absent, can affect the growth and survival of plant

Question 33

what does the soil determine?

Answer 33

where and how well plants will grow

Question 34

what are symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in plants?

Answer 34

stunted growth, leaf colour, dead spots, abnormal stems, chlorosis

Question 35

macronutrients are essential in what amount?

Answer 35

large amounts

Question 36

micronutrients are essential in what amounts?

Answer 36

trace amounts

Question 37

root systems

Answer 37

extensive root systems are adaptations to limited mineral nutrients roots have mechanisms to increase uptake

Question 38

what are mycorrhizae?

Answer 38

symbiotic associations between fungus and roots of plants gives plant phosphorous in return for sugars

Question 39

what are the three pathways of water into roots?

Answer 39

apoplastic pathway symplastic pathway transmembrane pathway

Question 40

what is the apoplastic pathway?

Answer 40

water doesn't cross cell membrane, diffuses through nonliving regions including cell walls and air spaces

Question 41

what is symplastic pathway?

Answer 41

water crosses membrane, often uses plasmodesmata, diffuses through cytoplasm

Question 42

what is transmembrane pathway?

Answer 42

water crosses plasma membranes and perhaps tonoplasts

Question 43

what is the casparian strip?

Answer 43

root endodermis forces apoplastic water to symplast to protect from dangerous substances in soil allows plant to decide what to take in

Question 44

where is there active transport in the root system?

Answer 44

minerals into symplast at casparian strip across membrane

Question 45

soil

Answer 45

complicated mixture soil minerals particles, compounds, ions, decomposing organics, water, air, organisms amount of soil particles determines soil properties

Question 46

what are the 4 horizons of soil?

Answer 46

0 horizon A horizon (topsoil) B horizon (subsoil) C horizon (parent material)

Question 47

what is 0 horizon?

Answer 47

surface material find organic mater

Question 48

what is topsoil?

Answer 48

has most biological activity and usually most fertile, most roots

Question 49

what is subsoil?

Answer 49

accumulates nutrients/ minerals, woody roots

Question 50

what is parent material?

Answer 50

no organic material, partially weathered fragments and grains of rocks

Question 51

what are nitrogen's limitations?

Answer 51

abundant element in are, most limiting to plant triple bond requires specific enzyme, so plants rely on bacteria to change nitrogen into ammonia

Question 52

what is nitrogen cycling?

Answer 52

bacterial ammonification breaks organic N compounds into ammonia bacteria nitrification oxidizes ammonia to nitrate plant converts nitrate to ammonia to assimilate nitrogen into organic compounds

Question 53

what is nitrogen fixation?

Answer 53

most nitrogen is fixed by plant symbioses with bacteria legumes form root nodules with rhizobium or bradyrhizbium