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BI111 > plant transportation and nutrients > Flashcards

plant transportation and nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

what is the simplest form of passive transport?

A

simple diffusion is simplest form of passive transport
- no metabolic energy
- moves down concentration gradient

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2
Q

what is active transportation?

A

requires metabolic energy (ATP)
based in H+ pumps
H+ gradient maintained through ATP
H+ diffusion into cell powers uptake of solutes

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3
Q

what is symport active transportation?

A

material transported in same direction as movement of H+ and solute, organic uptake
energy released brings molecule through with it

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4
Q

what is antiport active transport?

A

mineral transported in opposite direction to movement of H+ and solute, Na+ export
energy released expels a proton

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5
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the spontaneous movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient

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6
Q

what is osmosis?

A

special case of diffusion
water molecules diffuse across selectively permeable membrane from area of high concentration to a low concentration using aquaporins

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7
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A

higher concentration outside of the cell
water moves out of cell

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8
Q

what is an isotonic solution?

A

equal concentration of solutes inside and outside of cell
no net movement of water

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9
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

higher concentration of water inside of cell
water moves into the cell

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10
Q

what happens of plant cells in a hypertonic solution?

A

cells becomes plasmolyzed

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11
Q

what happens to plant cells in a hypotonic solution?

A

cells become turgid

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12
Q

how do cells not burst in a hypotonic solution?

A

the tonoplast and water will go into a vacuole and create pressure against the cell wall. the cell wall will push against and will stop the cell from expanding

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13
Q

what are the properties of water molecules?

A

cohesion
adhesion
H-bonding

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14
Q

what is H-bonding in water?

A

can form 4 weak H-bonds with adjacent molecules

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15
Q

what is the cohesion property of water?

A

water molecules sticking to itself
good for plant vascular system

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16
Q

what is the adhesion property of water?

A

pulls up the sides of a glass tube

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17
Q

what characteristics of water does the xylem use?

A

cohesion and adhesion

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18
Q

what is transpiration?

A

evaporation of water out of plants
greater than water used in growth and metabolism

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19
Q

what are cohesion-tension mechanism of water transport?

A

evaporation from mesophyll walls
replacement by cohesion (H-bonds) water in xylem
tension, negative pressure gradient, adhesion of water to xylem walls adds to tension

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20
Q

what is the stoma?

A

transpiration losses of water must be regulated to prevent rapid desiccation
guard cells help control internal environment

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21
Q

how does the stomata open?

A

when potassium is mostly in the guard cells

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22
Q

how does the stomata close?

A

when potassium is mostly in the epidermal cells

23
Q

what is the physiology of a stomata?

A

must balance water loss and carbon dioxide uptake
opens to increase photosynthesis
closes under water stress

24
Q

what is an arid adaptation?

A

xerophytes have adaptations to hot, dry environments
- thickened cuticle, sunken stomata, water storage in stems,
modified leaves
seen in CAM plants

25
Q

organic compounds in plants

A

macromolecules broken down into constituents for transport across cell membrane

26
Q

what is translocation of macromolecule constituents?

A

long distance transport of substances via phloem
flow though sieve tubes whose ends calls studded with pores

27
Q

what are companion cells?

A

connected to phloem through plasmodesmata
loads and unloads molecules in the phloem
active unloading and loading into the phloem

28
Q

what is a source?

A

any region of plant where organic substances are loaded into phloem

29
Q

what is the sink?

A

any region of plant where organic substances are unloaded from phloem

30
Q

what is the pressure slow mechanism that mover substances in the phloem?

A

bulk flow under pressure from sources to sinks
- based in water potential gradient

31
Q

where do most of plant nutrients comes from?

A

photosynthesis

32
Q

how many essential elements do plants need?

A

17
if absent, can affect the growth and survival of plant

33
Q

what does the soil determine?

A

where and how well plants will grow

34
Q

what are symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in plants?

A

stunted growth, leaf colour, dead spots, abnormal stems, chlorosis

35
Q

macronutrients are essential in what amount?

A

large amounts

36
Q

micronutrients are essential in what amounts?

A

trace amounts

37
Q

root systems

A

extensive root systems are adaptations to limited mineral nutrients
roots have mechanisms to increase uptake

38
Q

what are mycorrhizae?

A

symbiotic associations between fungus and roots of plants
gives plant phosphorous in return for sugars

39
Q

what are the three pathways of water into roots?

A

apoplastic pathway
symplastic pathway
transmembrane pathway

40
Q

what is the apoplastic pathway?

A

water doesn’t cross cell membrane, diffuses through nonliving regions including cell walls and air spaces

41
Q

what is symplastic pathway?

A

water crosses membrane, often uses plasmodesmata, diffuses through cytoplasm

42
Q

what is transmembrane pathway?

A

water crosses plasma membranes and perhaps tonoplasts

43
Q

what is the casparian strip?

A

root endodermis forces apoplastic water to symplast
to protect from dangerous substances in soil
allows plant to decide what to take in

44
Q

where is there active transport in the root system?

A

minerals into symplast
at casparian strip across membrane

45
Q

soil

A

complicated mixture
soil minerals particles, compounds, ions, decomposing organics, water, air, organisms
amount of soil particles determines soil properties

46
Q

what are the 4 horizons of soil?

A

0 horizon
A horizon (topsoil)
B horizon (subsoil)
C horizon (parent material)

47
Q

what is 0 horizon?

A

surface material
find organic mater

48
Q

what is topsoil?

A

has most biological activity and usually most fertile, most roots

49
Q

what is subsoil?

A

accumulates nutrients/ minerals, woody roots

50
Q

what is parent material?

A

no organic material, partially weathered fragments and grains of rocks

51
Q

what are nitrogen’s limitations?

A

abundant element in are, most limiting to plant
triple bond requires specific enzyme, so plants rely on bacteria to change nitrogen into ammonia

52
Q

what is nitrogen cycling?

A

bacterial ammonification breaks organic N compounds into ammonia
bacteria nitrification oxidizes ammonia to nitrate
plant converts nitrate to ammonia to assimilate nitrogen into organic compounds

53
Q

what is nitrogen fixation?

A

most nitrogen is fixed by plant symbioses with bacteria
legumes form root nodules with rhizobium or bradyrhizbium

BI111 (11 decks)

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