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BI111 > population ecology > Flashcards

population ecology Flashcards

1
Q

what is ecology?

A

study levels of organization ranging from individuals organisms to the biosphere
study of the interactions between organisms and their environments

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2
Q

what do the mathematical models do?

A

allow computer models to simulate natural events and large scale experiments

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3
Q

what are the steps in Mark-Recapture study?

A
  1. capture a random sample of individuals that are marked
  2. release marked individuals back into population
  3. capture a second random sample if individuals, some of whom are marked
  4. calculate initial population size using the formula n1/x=n2m/n2
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4
Q

what is geographical range?

A

overall spatial boundaries within which a population lives

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5
Q

what is a habitat?

A

specific environment in which a population live as characterized by its biotic and abiotic features

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6
Q

what is spatial distribution?

A

individuals within the geographical range
doesn’t tell the population

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7
Q

what is dispersion patterns influenced by?

A

distribution of resources in environment/ landscape
habitat requirements of each individual
social structure of species
dispersal capacity of reproduction of species
presence of other species

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8
Q

what is random distribution?

A

distance between individuals is random with respects to each other’s location
rarest type of destitution
found in homogeneous environments

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9
Q

what is uniform distribution?

A

maximal distance between and two individuals
- found in many lants due to competition for resources
- also can result from territorial behaviour

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10
Q

what is a clumped distribution?

A

most common form of distribution
- resources rare
- poor dispersal capacity
- benefits to group living

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11
Q

what are population characteristics?

A

population age structure
sex ratio
proportion reproduction
generation time
can have dramatic effects on capacity for future growth

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12
Q

what is demography?

A

statistical study of processes that change a population’s size and density through time

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13
Q

what is a life table?

A

summarize demographics of a population

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14
Q

what are the different types of survivorship curves?

A

type 1: high survivorship until late life
type 2: constant rate of mortality in all ages classes
type 3: high juvenile mortality, followed by low mortality after critical age and size

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15
Q

what is life histories?

A

the schedule frequency and duration of events in an organisms’ lifetime

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16
Q

what is the evolution of life histories?

A

influenced by organism’s physical and ecological environment
- development age
- age of sexual maturity
- number of offspring
- level of parenting investment
- senescence and death

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17
Q

what is passive parental care?

A

before offspring born

18
Q

what is active parental care?

A

offspring is born
many young = little care
few young = more care

19
Q

what are the 2 types of breeding?

A

semelparity
iteroparity

20
Q

what is semelarity?

A

one reproductive episode
devotes all stored energy
maximal fecundity
death after reproduction

21
Q

what is iteroparity?

A

multiple reproductive episodes
only some energy devoted in each even

22
Q

what does early reproduction favor?

A

adult survival rates low
animals do not grow more fecund with age

23
Q

what does later reproduction?

A

if sexually mature adults likely to become older
if organisms grow larger with age
if larger organisms have higher fecundity
can have more offspring, natural selection favours this

24
Q

what is life history evolution?

A

trade offs reflect differences strategies to maximize fitness

25
Q

what is LH characteristic 1?

A

male displays
probability of being predated increases brightness/ number of spots
attractiveness vs survival tradeoff

26
Q

what is LH character 2?

A

body size
probability of being predated decrease with body size
effect on time for first reproduction

27
Q

what is LH character 3?

A

many stimuli offspring, produce more frequently vs. fewer better provisioned offspring produce more occasionally

28
Q

what is LH character 4?

A

trade-off for parasite tolerance

28
Q

life history traits and population?

A

the specific of a species life history characteristics can have important consequences for
- population growth
- population fluctuations
- nature of interactions with other species

29
Q

what is population growth?

A

organisms often have the capacity to produce more offspring than are needed to replace themselves in the next generation
the study of population growth is central to ecology

30
Q

what is the exponential growth model

A

by expressing per capita birth and death rates, education describes unlimited population growth
when there is no limits on population growth, it follows exponential pattern

31
Q

what is rMAX?

A

intrinsic rate of increase (maximum per capita growth rate)
fast maturation = high rMAX
more offspring = high rMAX

32
Q

what is bacterial population growth?

A

bacteria reproduction by binary fission; their population in size each generation
- short generation time
- small body size
- large rMAX

33
Q

what is the logistical growth model?

A

most population growth is not exponential - limited in some fashion
carrying capacity (K): maximum population size that environment can sustain (theoretical but not fixed value)
per capita population growth rate (r) decrease in N approached K

34
Q

what are the prediction effects of N on r?

A

when N < K, r > 0
when N = K, r = 0
when N > K, r < 0

35
Q

what is density dependent factor?

A

crowding decreases individual growth rates, adult size and survivorship

36
Q

what is fecundity is density dependent

A

more competition between species in same environment

37
Q

what are density dependent factors?

A

reduced population growth regardless of population size

38
Q

what are density independent factors?

A

may interact with density dependent factors
- food shortage caused by high population density may lead
- malnourished individual may be more likely to succumb to stress of extreme weather

39
Q

what is cyclic fluctuations?

A

some animal populations exhibit cyclic fluctuation in size

40
Q

what is intrinsic control?

A

hormonal and behavioural changes

41
Q

what is extrinsic control?

A

relationships between a cycling species and other factors (food or predators)

BI111 (11 decks)

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