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The Persian Wars Flashcards

1
Q

what occurred at the same as the emergence of the Persian Empire

A

The political transformation of Greek Poleis

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2
Q

the Persian empire was the _____ of all greek empires

A

Largest

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3
Q

How do we know about Persian History

A

no Persian literature survived so we got information from non-persian sources

Such as
writing of babylonian, aramaid, hebrew and greek historians, to whom the persians were seen as barbarians

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4
Q

the Persians are an indo European people who settled in ______ - ______ ______

A

south-west iran

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5
Q

Before Darius, who governed Persia?

A

Cyrus

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6
Q

what did Cyrus change/create

A
  • made the first satrapies
  • extended Persia’s territory to include all of western Asia minor
  • the conquest of the Lydian kingdom of croesus; brought asian Minor Greeks to empire
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7
Q

Who came between Cyrus and Darius as the Persian leader

A

Cyrus’s son Camyses who conquered Egypt, then Darius

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8
Q

What did Cyrus do that redefined greek history

A

His conquest of the Lydian kingdom of Croesus lead to the confrontation between the Persians and the European Greeks which would redefine the course of Greek history

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9
Q

who was “the great king”

A

darius

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10
Q

what was Darius seen in such a positive light?

A

He was praised as a benevolent and talented ruler who avoided the Assyian and Babylonian practice of deporting rebellious populations and supported local religions and cultures

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11
Q

Darius created a _______ city, and ________ religion, bounding the people together

A

He created a centralized city, and monotheistic religion, bounding the people together

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12
Q

Darius ________ the empire which helped ensure its survival for _____ years

A

He reorganized the empire which helped ensure its survival for almost 200 years

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13
Q

what are satrapies

A

provinces of the persian empire

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14
Q

name Darius’ accomplishments

A

centralized govvy

began construction of the great ceremonial center of Persepolis

facilitated commercial travel

minted his own silver and gold coins

divided empire into 20 satrapies

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15
Q

why did darius create silver and gold coins

A

to publicize his power

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16
Q

under darius’ rule how were his reconstructed satrapies governed and what did the people have to do

A

governed by royal appointees

pat annual tribute to king

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17
Q

explain the “eyes and ears of the king”

A

spies for Darius whose job was to discourage rebellion

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18
Q

king Darius implemented forced ______ and ______ service

A

forced labor and military service

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19
Q

under Darius’ rule, _________ bound the people together

A

zoroastrianism

(a persian religion)

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20
Q

what did darius allow his people to do that was so innovative?

A

allowed them to worship their own gods and speak their own language

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21
Q

King Dairus stood for __________ the god of light, and defended his subjects against _________ the god of darkness

A

King stood for Zoroastrian the god of light, and defended his subjects against Ahriman the god of darkness

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22
Q

King had absolute authority over subjects, who were considered as Greeks as his slaves, but were grateful for their ___________

A

King had absolute authority over subjects, who were considered as Greeks as his slaves, but were grateful for their liberation

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23
Q

In the war between Greece and Persia, Darius campaigned against who

A

the European Sythians

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24
Q

_____ was the first Persian king to enter Europe

A

Darius

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25
Darius didnt get Synthia but made ______ a satrapy
Thrace
26
the Assyrian empire demanded what from the surrounding cultures
Demanded tributes from surrounding cultures or else they would be tortured
27
what lead Darius to come into contact with the Greeks
His westward expedition made him curious of the mainland and thus lead him into contact with Greece
28
In 499Bc the Ionian Greeks revolted due to discontent of the ______ ______ under the Persian rule, and the _______ ________ the Persians had imposed
In 499Bc the Ionian Greeks revolted due to discontent of the high taxes under the Persian rule, and the puppet tyrants the Persians had imposed
29
Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus borrowed a large amount of money from the king. what series of events occurred after this
Borrowed money from the King and could not repay debt Started a revolt with the Greek poleis in Ionia Spartans said fuck no to helping the tyrant Athenians said yes to helping, sent 20 ships (6k men) Another polis sent 5 ships 6 years later revolt ended in a major naval defeat Persians took back Ionia because they were treated like slaves
30
Persians took back Ionia 6 years after the Ionian revolt because.....
because they were treated like slaves
31
What was Darius' invasion of greece inspired by
the desire to avenge the burning of Sardis his primary goal as to punish Athens and Eretria fro their role in the Ionian rebellion
32
who lead the expedition in 492 BC to subdue the greeks before Darius's invasion of Greece? who did he manage to conquer before his fleet was wrecked
his son-in-law Mardonius he conquered Thrace, Thasos, and Macedonia
33
what stopped the fist Persian invasion of the Greeks (before Darius invaded)
storms and wind destroyed his fleet
34
2 years after the first Persian invasion of Greece, what did Darius do?
sent another expedition across the Agean sea
35
who were the only two who still opposed Persia (during Darius' invasion of Greece)
Sparta and Athens
36
during the battle of marathon who was outnumbered?
The athenians were outnumbered 2-1, but their hoplites were more heavily armed
37
(battle of marathon) The Athenians decided to attack _________, taking the persians ____ _________
attack immediately, taking the Persians by surprise
38
(battle of marathon) How did Persia react to the first athenian attack
they fled to their ships
39
who won the battle of marathon and had less casualties
athenians
40
what is the meaning of Marathonomachoi
Marathonomachoi - the veterans of Marathon who enjoyed prestige in Athens as exemplars of traditional Athenian values
41
why did political leadership change after the battle of marathon
Themistocles urged Athenians to prepare as though the next invasion was imminent
42
what changed politically after the battle of marathon
there was a new need for military commanders new method of selecting archons strategoi became most prestigious Athenian officials
43
explain what strategoi is
commander of the greek army (general)
43
expain what ostracism is
A procedure to ensure there wouldn't be any new tyrants they could send one citizen away from 10 years each spring was often those who tried to betray Athens for the Persians
43
explain what dokimasia is
an interrogation office-holders had to go through
44
who was themistocles
A politician that convinced Athenians to think that persians could come at any time created a harbour
45
Themistocles argued for bulding 200 triremes to defend themselves and be prepared for an invasion what is a trireme
light, maneuverable warship 3 levels of rowers About 540 rowers Beak at the front for ramming
46
what did Aristdes suggest to the Athenians what happened to him
suggested sharing wealth among citizens he was astricised
47
Athens was the motherland of ______
silver
48
who is Xerxes
darius' son and successor
49
what did Xerxes do
built warships in large numbers and gathered an incredible invading force
50
during the invasion of Xerxes what was formed
the hellenistic league
51
what is the hellenistic league
an alliance of thirty-one states limited mainly to Athens and memebers of Peloponnesian League all opposing Xerxes
52
while the Athenians were still constructing their warships, Xerxes' heralds arrived in Greece seeking what
earth and water, and many states including Thessaly and Thebes
53
how many opposed Xerxes
Only a tiny minority of more than one thousand ppl actively opposed Xerxes and many fought for him
54
the Hellenistic league were _______ to resist the Persians during the invasion of Xerxes
discouraged
55
what happened during the battle of Thermopylae that helped the Persians
a trator betrayed the greeks, guiding the persians to a secret path encirciling the greeks he was killed
56
in the battle of thermopylae after being betrayed and learning the persians were on his ass, Leonidas dismissed the bulk of his soliders, who stayed behind and what happened to them?
The Thebans, Thespians and 300 Spartans stayed behind to defend the pass and stall them as long as possible On Xerxes' orders the body of Leonidas was decapitated and impaled
57
how did the persians victory at thermoplylae benifit them in the battle of salamis
the persians victory at thermoplylae opened the road to athens and central greece
58
Themistocles sent a messenger to Xerexes urging him to what (battle of salamis)
to occupy the narrows and block the escape from the greeks
59
who won the battle of salamis
the greeks won, persians lost persians lost 200 ships and retreated to Asia
60
what happened to Xerxes forces at Plataea (battle of Salamis)
they were destroyed by the largest greek army, Plateae
61
what happened around the same time as the greeks defeating the persian navy at Mycale
the Ionians were finally liberated, and the persian threat to greece ended
62
Athens created the Delian league, who did not join
sparta
63
what did members of the Delian league have to do? and what did this entail?
everyone had to contribute ships and money they would use the ships to counter attack persian cities everyone who is a member would get a share of the loot in proportion to their contributions
64
what were the 2 goals of the delian league
to get loot to get revenge
65
the Delian league eventually became more ________
controlling
66
the delian league built military colonies called what
cleruchies
67
why did Athens start to make more Cleruchies
they said it was to ward off persian and pirate attacks but in reality it was to remain in control
68
when some members of the delian league want out, how does the delian league insist
they insist that poleis join, and everyone stays because they all benefit from their protection
69
who was Themistocles exiled by?
Cimon
70
what other war happened at the same time as persia's invasion of greece
Carthage and greek cities of sicily where Sicily faced attacks from the north african city of carthage
71
______ flourished in Sicily
tyrany
72
what tyrant took over sicily
gleon
73
who won the war between Catharge and Sicily
the greeks prevailed (sicily)
74
when the tyrant gleon died, what followed?
his empire died along with him but greek security lived on
75
in sparta, what caused the helots to rise up who did they ask for help
an earthquake athens
76
the Spartans were so shocked by Athenian behavior that the Ephors did what (when the athenians came to help them with the helots)
they sent the athenians home
77
how did the athenians react to the spartans being scandalized by them and sending them home
athenians were so upset they told the helots they would set up a cleruchy and give them land
78
what did athens build after Xerxes' invasion who proposed it when was it built
the long walls - a key element of Athenian military strategy themistocles suggested it it was built right before athens went to war with sparta (the first peloponisian war)
79
how did Gleon celebrate his defeat of Sicily
Gleon celebrated his victory by dedicating a huge golden tripod and statue of Nike to Apollo at Dephi

Classics 1000 (15 decks)

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