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Classics 1000 > The Persian Wars > Flashcards

The Persian Wars Flashcards

1
Q

what occurred at the same as the emergence of the Persian Empire

A

The political transformation of Greek Poleis

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2
Q

the Persian empire was the _____ of all greek empires

A

Largest

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3
Q

How do we know about Persian History

A

no Persian literature survived so we got information from non-persian sources

Such as
writing of babylonian, aramaid, hebrew and greek historians, to whom the persians were seen as barbarians

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4
Q

the Persians are an indo European people who settled in ______ - ______ ______

A

south-west iran

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5
Q

Before Darius, who governed Persia?

A

Cyrus

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6
Q

what did Cyrus change/create

A
  • made the first satrapies
  • extended Persia’s territory to include all of western Asia minor
  • the conquest of the Lydian kingdom of croesus; brought asian Minor Greeks to empire
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7
Q

Who came between Cyrus and Darius as the Persian leader

A

Cyrus’s son Camyses who conquered Egypt, then Darius

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8
Q

What did Cyrus do that redefined greek history

A

His conquest of the Lydian kingdom of Croesus lead to the confrontation between the Persians and the European Greeks which would redefine the course of Greek history

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9
Q

who was “the great king”

A

darius

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10
Q

what was Darius seen in such a positive light?

A

He was praised as a benevolent and talented ruler who avoided the Assyian and Babylonian practice of deporting rebellious populations and supported local religions and cultures

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11
Q

Darius created a _______ city, and ________ religion, bounding the people together

A

He created a centralized city, and monotheistic religion, bounding the people together

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12
Q

Darius ________ the empire which helped ensure its survival for _____ years

A

He reorganized the empire which helped ensure its survival for almost 200 years

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13
Q

what are satrapies

A

provinces of the persian empire

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14
Q

name Darius’ accomplishments

A

centralized govvy

began construction of the great ceremonial center of Persepolis

facilitated commercial travel

minted his own silver and gold coins

divided empire into 20 satrapies

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15
Q

why did darius create silver and gold coins

A

to publicize his power

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16
Q

under darius’ rule how were his reconstructed satrapies governed and what did the people have to do

A

governed by royal appointees

pat annual tribute to king

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17
Q

explain the “eyes and ears of the king”

A

spies for Darius whose job was to discourage rebellion

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18
Q

king Darius implemented forced ______ and ______ service

A

forced labor and military service

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19
Q

under Darius’ rule, _________ bound the people together

A

zoroastrianism

(a persian religion)

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20
Q

what did darius allow his people to do that was so innovative?

A

allowed them to worship their own gods and speak their own language

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21
Q

King Dairus stood for __________ the god of light, and defended his subjects against _________ the god of darkness

A

King stood for Zoroastrian the god of light, and defended his subjects against Ahriman the god of darkness

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22
Q

King had absolute authority over subjects, who were considered as Greeks as his slaves, but were grateful for their ___________

A

King had absolute authority over subjects, who were considered as Greeks as his slaves, but were grateful for their liberation

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23
Q

In the war between Greece and Persia, Darius campaigned against who

A

the European Sythians

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24
Q

_____ was the first Persian king to enter Europe

A

Darius

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25
Q

Darius didnt get Synthia but made ______ a satrapy

A

Thrace

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26
Q

the Assyrian empire demanded what from the surrounding cultures

A

Demanded tributes from surrounding cultures or else they would be tortured

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27
Q

what lead Darius to come into contact with the Greeks

A

His westward expedition made him curious of the mainland and thus lead him into contact with Greece

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28
Q

In 499Bc the Ionian Greeks revolted due to discontent of the ______ ______ under the Persian rule, and the _______ ________ the Persians had imposed

A

In 499Bc the Ionian Greeks revolted due to discontent of the high taxes under the Persian rule, and the puppet tyrants the Persians had imposed

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29
Q

Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus borrowed a large amount of money from the king.

what series of events occurred after this

A

Borrowed money from the King and could not repay debt

Started a revolt with the Greek poleis in Ionia

Spartans said fuck no to helping the tyrant

Athenians said yes to helping, sent 20 ships (6k men)
Another polis sent 5 ships

6 years later revolt ended in a major naval defeat

Persians took back Ionia because they were treated like slaves

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30
Q

Persians took back Ionia 6 years after the Ionian revolt because…..

A

because they were treated like slaves

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31
Q

What was Darius’ invasion of greece inspired by

A

the desire to avenge the burning of Sardis

his primary goal as to punish Athens and Eretria fro their role in the Ionian rebellion

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32
Q

who lead the expedition in 492 BC to subdue the greeks before Darius’s invasion of Greece?

who did he manage to conquer before his fleet was wrecked

A

his son-in-law Mardonius

he conquered Thrace, Thasos, and Macedonia

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33
Q

what stopped the fist Persian invasion of the Greeks

(before Darius invaded)

A

storms and wind destroyed his fleet

34
Q

2 years after the first Persian invasion of Greece, what did Darius do?

A

sent another expedition across the Agean sea

35
Q

who were the only two who still opposed Persia

(during Darius’ invasion of Greece)

A

Sparta and Athens

36
Q

during the battle of marathon who was outnumbered?

A

The athenians were outnumbered 2-1, but their hoplites were more heavily armed

37
Q

(battle of marathon)
The Athenians decided to attack _________, taking the persians ____ _________

A

attack immediately, taking the Persians by surprise

38
Q

(battle of marathon)
How did Persia react to the first athenian attack

A

they fled to their ships

39
Q

who won the battle of marathon and had less casualties

A

athenians

40
Q

what is the meaning of Marathonomachoi

A

Marathonomachoi - the veterans of Marathon who enjoyed prestige in Athens as exemplars of traditional Athenian values

41
Q

why did political leadership change after the battle of marathon

A

Themistocles urged Athenians to prepare as though the next invasion was imminent

42
Q

what changed politically after the battle of marathon

A

there was a new need for military commanders

new method of selecting archons

strategoi became most prestigious Athenian officials

43
Q

explain what strategoi is

A

commander of the greek army (general)

43
Q

expain what ostracism is

A

A procedure to ensure there wouldn’t be any new tyrants

they could send one citizen away from 10 years each spring

was often those who tried to betray Athens for the Persians

43
Q

explain what dokimasia is

A

an interrogation office-holders had to go through

44
Q

who was themistocles

A

A politician that convinced Athenians to think that persians could come at any time

created a harbour

45
Q

Themistocles argued for bulding 200 triremes to defend themselves and be prepared for an invasion

what is a trireme

A

light, maneuverable warship

3 levels of rowers
About 540 rowers
Beak at the front for ramming

46
Q

what did Aristdes suggest to the Athenians

what happened to him

A

suggested sharing wealth among citizens

he was astricised

47
Q

Athens was the motherland of ______

A

silver

48
Q

who is Xerxes

A

darius’ son and successor

49
Q

what did Xerxes do

A

built warships in large numbers and gathered an incredible invading force

50
Q

during the invasion of Xerxes what was formed

A

the hellenistic league

51
Q

what is the hellenistic league

A

an alliance of thirty-one states limited mainly to Athens and memebers of Peloponnesian League

all opposing Xerxes

52
Q

while the Athenians were still constructing their warships, Xerxes’ heralds arrived in Greece seeking what

A

earth and water, and many states including Thessaly and Thebes

53
Q

how many opposed Xerxes

A

Only a tiny minority of more than one thousand ppl actively opposed Xerxes and many fought for him

54
Q

the Hellenistic league were _______ to resist the Persians during the invasion of Xerxes

A

discouraged

55
Q

what happened during the battle of Thermopylae that helped the Persians

A

a trator betrayed the greeks, guiding the persians to a secret path encirciling the greeks

he was killed

56
Q

in the battle of thermopylae

after being betrayed and learning the persians were on his ass, Leonidas dismissed the bulk of his soliders,

who stayed behind and what happened to them?

A

The Thebans, Thespians and 300 Spartans stayed behind to defend the pass and stall them as long as possible

On Xerxes’ orders the body of Leonidas was decapitated and impaled

57
Q

how did the persians victory at thermoplylae benifit them in the battle of salamis

A

the persians victory at thermoplylae opened the road to athens and central greece

58
Q

Themistocles sent a messenger to Xerexes urging him to what

(battle of salamis)

A

to occupy the narrows and block the escape from the greeks

59
Q

who won the battle of salamis

A

the greeks won, persians lost

persians lost 200 ships and retreated to Asia

60
Q

what happened to Xerxes forces at Plataea

(battle of Salamis)

A

they were destroyed by the largest greek army, Plateae

61
Q

what happened around the same time as the greeks defeating the persian navy at Mycale

A

the Ionians were finally liberated, and the persian threat to greece ended

62
Q

Athens created the Delian league, who did not join

A

sparta

63
Q

what did members of the Delian league have to do? and what did this entail?

A

everyone had to contribute ships and money

they would use the ships to counter attack persian cities

everyone who is a member would get a share of the loot in proportion to their contributions

64
Q

what were the 2 goals of the delian league

A

to get loot

to get revenge

65
Q

the Delian league eventually became more ________

A

controlling

66
Q

the delian league built military colonies called what

A

cleruchies

67
Q

why did Athens start to make more Cleruchies

A

they said it was to ward off persian and pirate attacks but in reality it was to remain in control

68
Q

when some members of the delian league want out, how does the delian league insist

A

they insist that poleis join, and everyone stays because they all benefit from their protection

69
Q

who was Themistocles exiled by?

A

Cimon

70
Q

what other war happened at the same time as persia’s invasion of greece

A

Carthage and greek cities of sicily

where Sicily faced attacks from the north african city of carthage

71
Q

______ flourished in Sicily

A

tyrany

72
Q

what tyrant took over sicily

A

gleon

73
Q

who won the war between Catharge and Sicily

A

the greeks prevailed (sicily)

74
Q

when the tyrant gleon died, what followed?

A

his empire died along with him

but greek security lived on

75
Q

in sparta, what caused the helots to rise up

who did they ask for help

A

an earthquake

athens

76
Q

the Spartans were so shocked by Athenian behavior that the Ephors did what

(when the athenians came to help them with the helots)

A

they sent the athenians home

77
Q

how did the athenians react to the spartans being scandalized by them and sending them home

A

athenians were so upset they told the helots they would set up a cleruchy and give them land

78
Q

what did athens build after Xerxes’ invasion

who proposed it

when was it built

A

the long walls - a key element of Athenian military strategy

themistocles suggested it

it was built right before athens went to war with sparta (the first peloponisian war)

79
Q

how did Gleon celebrate his defeat of Sicily

A

Gleon celebrated his victory by dedicating a huge golden tripod and statue of Nike to Apollo at Dephi

Classics 1000 (15 decks)

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