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Histo 1 > The Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

The Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System Organization

A
  • Functional
    • sensory
    • motor
  • Anatomical
    • central
    • peripheral
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2
Q

Anatomical Divisions: Central Nervous System

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

Overall “command center”, processing and integrating information

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3
Q

Anatomical Divisions: Peripheral Nervous System

A

Ganglion (ganglia)

Peripheral nerves (axons of neurons)

Receives and projects information to and from the CNS; mediates some reflexes

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4
Q

PNS: Nerve

A

bundle of fibers

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5
Q

PNS: Satellite cells

A

Supporting Cells

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6
Q

PNS: Schwann Cells

A

Myelin Sheath

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7
Q

PNS: Ganglia

A

Aggregates of Cell Bodies

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8
Q

PNS: Functional Divisions: Sensory

A
  • Some CNS and PNS Components
    • includes all axons that transmit impulses from a peripheral structure to the CNS (Afferent)
  • Somatic Sensory
    • Transmit input skin, fascia, joints, and skeletal
  • Visceral Sensory
    • Transmits input from stomach and intestines (viscera)
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9
Q

PNS: Functional Divisions: Motor

A
  • Some CNS and PNS components
    • includes all axons that transmit impulses from the CNS to a muscle or gland (efferent)
  • Somatic motor (Somatic Nervous System)
    • Voluntary Control of muscles
  • Autonomic Motor (Autonomic Nervous System)
    • Involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
    • go through ganglia
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10
Q

Basic Motor Neuron Structure

A
  • Different configurations
    • multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar
  • Same General Structure
    • Dendrites
    • Cell body
    • Axon
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11
Q

Spinal Cord Structure Organization

A
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12
Q

Nerves Leaving the CNS

A
  • Cranial
    • Brain stem/cervical
  • Spinal
    • Pair at each spinal segment
    • Dorsal Root
      • Sensory
      • Synapse at dorsal root ganglia
    • Ventral Root
      • Motor
      • Somatic - extend axons to periphery
      • Autonomic - ganglia in various locations
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13
Q

Signals to/from peripheral nerves

A

Posterior is sensory neuron roots

Anterior is motor neuron roots

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14
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

Will have peripheral nerves and satellite cells

Relay messages from PNS to CNS and vice versa (relay station)

neurons are either pseudounipolar (Sensory, dorsal root ganglia) or Multipolar (Motor)

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15
Q

Ganglion: Peripheral Nerves

A

may have Schwann Cells

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16
Q

Ganglion: Satellite Cells

A

small supporting cells

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17
Q

Where are pseudounipolar neurons found?

A

Sensory (dorsal root ganglia)

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18
Q

Where are multipolar. neurons found?

A

motor

autonomic

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19
Q

Somatic Sensory Neurons

A
  • Cell bodies of sensory neurons are in the dorsal root ganglia
    • trigeminal ganglion for the facial nerves
  • Synapse with dorsal spinal neurons in the spinal cord - signal sent to brain
    • Provide tactile information
    • guide movement
    • response to pain (protective)
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20
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia Anatomy

A

Looking from posterior side

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21
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A
  • Sensory Neurons are pseudounipolar
    • central nuclei
    • large perikaryon
  • Satellite cells surround each perikaryon
  • Visible nerve fibers and CT present
  • May Be surrounded by adipose tissue
  • Lipofuscin
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22
Q

Lipofuscin

A

brown crystals

non-digestible remains of old proteins (cell could not digest)

accumulate with age

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23
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion Histology

A
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24
Q

Sympathetic ganglion

A

flight or fight

  • part of autonomic nervous system
    • physiological/endocrine
    • coordinates and integrates visceral functions
    • maintenance of homeostasis
  • Respond to emergency situations
    • Parasympathetic - restful (inhibits stress)
  • Connect to adrenal gland
    • Parasympathetic are near the organ (intramural)
  • Cells are multipolar
    • Acentric nucleus
    • Smaller Perikaryon
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25
Q

Autonomic Ganglia Anatomy

A
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26
Q

Sympathetic Ganglion Histology

A
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27
Q

Dorsal Root v. Sympathetic Ganglia

A

Relative Size

Location of nucleus

organization of satellite cells

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28
Q

Enteric Ganglia

A

found in GI Tract

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29
Q

Peripheral Ganglia - Enteric Histology

A
30
Q

Special Structure in Birds

A
  • The Glycogen Body
    • Found in the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord
    • enlargement around central canal and dorsal root
  • Consists of:
    • Polyhedral vesicular cells
    • filled with glycogen (empty on H&E) → energy storage
    • Displaced nucleus
  • unknown function
31
Q

PNS: Supporting Cells

A

Satellite Cells

Schwann Cells

32
Q

Transmit the signal: Efficient transmission

A
  • Insulation on fibers
  • lipid-based wrap (myelin sheath)
  • layers of membrane surround an axon
  • In CNS, gives white matter its characteristic macroscopic appearance
33
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

reduces the amount of times the membrane depolarizes

34
Q

Myelin Sheath: Saltatory Conduction

A

Signal jumps from node to node→ skipping insulated segments of axon to make more efficient → “skipping over people”

35
Q

Schwann Cells Histology

A
36
Q

Schwann Cell - Cross Section Histology

A
37
Q

Myelin Sheath Histology

A
38
Q

What is used to stain the myelin sheath?

A

Osmium Fixation

39
Q

How does the myelin sheath form?

A

The fiber wraps around itself

intramembrane proteins regulate winding process

40
Q

Schmidt-Lanterman Incisure

A

Channels of cytoplasm

Allow communication between wrapped layers

appear as breaks across the myelin sheath

41
Q

Schmidt-Lanterman Histology

A

maintains cytoplasmic continuity

42
Q

Peripheral Nerve Bundle

A

Fiber → Fascicle → whole nerve

43
Q

Epineurium

A

Encloses the entire nerve → Full Nerve Bundle

44
Q

Perineurium

A

encloses each fascicle and consists of neuroepithelial perineurial cells forming the blood-nerve barrier → group of nerve fibers, usually seen on H&E

45
Q

Endoneurium

A

surrounds individual nerve fibers or axons

hard to see on H&E

46
Q

Peripheral Nerve Bundle Histology

A
47
Q

Motor Nervous System

A
  • Signal to voluntary muscle
  • motor end plate
    • forms synapse
48
Q

Motor Synapse

A
49
Q

Motor End plate histology

A
50
Q

Sensory Structures

A

All senses involve 3 steps

  • Physical Stimulus
    • light, chemical, mechanical
  • Transformation
    • physical to electrical (transmitter through nerve)
  • Response
    • Perception
    • Conscious Experience
51
Q

Sensory Receptor Classes

A
  • Mechanical
  • Chemical
  • Nociceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Electromagnetic
52
Q

Sensory Receptor Classes: Mechanical

A

touch

proprioceptive

hearing

balance

53
Q

Sensory Receptor Classes: Chemical

A

Itches

Taste

Smell

54
Q

Sensory Receptor Classes: Nociceptors

A

Pain

55
Q

Sensory Receptor Classes: Thermoreceptors

A

Heat or cold

56
Q

Sensory Receptor Classes: Electromagnetic

A

Photoreceptors

57
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Distortions, bending, stretching → causes physical displacement of cell

58
Q

Mechanoreceptors: Tactile

A

touch, pressure, vibration

  • Free nerve endings
  • muscle spindles
  • receptors in CT capsules
59
Q

Mechanoreceptors: Baroreceptors

A

Pressure in walls

60
Q

Mechanoreceptors: Proprioceptors

A

Changes in position

61
Q

Sensory Structures of the Skin: Nonencapsulated

A
  • Free nerve endings in the epidermis
  • Touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain
  • Associated with Hair Follicles
    • Mechanoreceptors
62
Q

Sensory Structures of the Skin: Encapsulated

A

Ruffini ending (dermis)

Meissener’s corpuscle (dermal papillae)

Pacinian corpuscle (dermis and hypodermis)

63
Q

Ruffini Ending

A

Simplest encapsulated mechanoreceptor

Touch and pressure (stretching)

Groups of nerve terminals surrounded by a thin CT capsule (fluid-filled space)

Axonal endings respond to displacement of collagen fibers

anything that impacts capsule

64
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

A
  • Found in the hairless skin
    • apex of the dermal papilla
  • endoneurial cells wrapped around a nerve terminal
  • Spiral shaped unmyelinated ends of nerve fibers
  • Schwann Cells Form
  • Lamellae
  • Detect Light Touch
65
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle: Histology

A
66
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

Deep Pressure and vibrations

Concentric layers of endoneurial cells around myelinated nerve terminal

Myelin is eventually lost

67
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle Histology

A
68
Q

Nonciceptors

A
  • Direct response to stimulus
  • Sense chemicals released by damaged tissue
    • K+, histamine, proteases, ATP, acidity, bradykinin
69
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Free nerve endings

Separate cold/warm

firing rate changes depending on temperature

70
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Changes in concentrations

Histo 1 (13 decks)

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