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Histo 1 > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Antigen

A

protein (or protein sequence) recognized by an antibody

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2
Q

Define: Antigen-presenting Cell (APC)

A

large, typically dendritic cell that recognizes foreign cells/materials, internalizes and digests them (into small fragments), and presents the resulting antigens to effector immune cells

fragments are presented on the surface by MHC

EX: macrophages

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3
Q

Define: CD Marker

A

cell surface protein that acts as a marker for a class of cells

CD → cluster of differentiation

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4
Q

Define: B Cells

A

make antibodies

named after the bursa Fabricius → a structure found in birds where lymphocytes differentiate → when destroyed, birds could not make antibodies

produced/mature in in bone marrow

travel through blood (lymphocytes)

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5
Q

Define: T Cells

A

named after the thymus, found in mammals and birds → when removed shortly after birth, animals cannot mount cell-mediated immune responses

produced in bone marrow

mature in thymus

travel through blood (lymphocytes)

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6
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

protection

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7
Q

What does the immune system require?

A

Adaptability

Surveillance

Rapid Response

Barrier

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8
Q

Define: Innate (natural) Immunity

A
  • first line of defense
  • can recognize non-self and attack it directly → can kill bacteria without the help of other things
  • cytokines and complement
  • phagocytic cell
  • for viruses - NK cells, interferons
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9
Q

Define: Adaptive (acquired) Immunity

A

Recognizes sequences → adaptive, memory

specifically distinguishes self from non-self

anticipates non-self by random protein rearrangement

antibodies, MHC, T-Cell receptors

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10
Q

What are the Two Types of Adaptive Immunity?

A
  • Humoral immunity → antibody mediated (plasma cells)
  • Cell-mediated immunity → T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells
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11
Q

Define: Complement

A

way for your body to deal with things without using cells

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12
Q

Innate Immunity in Action

A
  • Bacterial cell surface induces cleavage and activation of complement
  • complement fragment bonds to bacteria, another to an effector cell
  • the complement receptor on the effector cell binds to the complement fragment on the bacteria
  • The effector cell engulfs the bacterium, kills it, and breaks it down

Neutrophils and Macrophages

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13
Q

Acquired Immunity in Action

A
  • During development, progenitor cells give rise to large numbers of lymphocytes, each with a different specificity (B and T cells)
  • During infection, lymphocytes with receptors that recognize the pathogen are activated (random rearrangement to produce variety)
  • proliferation and differentiation of pathogen-activated lymphocytes give effector cells that terminate the infection (T and plasma cells)
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14
Q

Components of the Immune System

A
  • Diffuse Lymphatic
  • Tissue/Nodules → MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue), BALT (Bronchial-associated), GALT (Gut-associated)
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Spleen → cell production of functional cells
  • Thymus → cell production of functional cells
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15
Q

Define: Epithelium

A

Forms tissues that act as barriers → mucosal linings, skin

lines free surfaces

separates from underlying tissue

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16
Q

Define: Mucosal Linings

A

Body parts exposed to things outside that isnt your skin

epithelium and lamina propria

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17
Q

Define: Lamina Propria

A

Loose CT underneath mucosal epithelium

rich in immune cells

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18
Q

Functions of the Integument system

A
  • Protection (barrier) → Physical, Chemical, Pathogens, Desiccation, UV
  • Thermoregulation
  • Pressure and touch reception
  • Excretion
  • Production of vitamin D
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19
Q

Define: Epidermis

A

physical

keratinized epithelium

substantial cell-cell junctions

also has APCs

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20
Q

Define: Dermis

A

CT component

immune cells

lymph/blood vessels

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21
Q

Immune System Surveillance

A

begins at the surface

dendritic cells, T cells, macrophages, plasma cells, etc.

In epithelium (skin) and underlying CT (skin and mucosa)

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22
Q

Resident Cells of the Lamina Propria of Mucosa

A

Fibroblasts → collagen production

Macrophages → clean up, release inflammatory mediators

Mast cells → release inflammatory mediators

Plasma cells → antibody production

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23
Q

Migratory Cells of the Lamina Propria of Mucosa

A

Lymphocytes (T/B) → frequent

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) → variable

Monocytes (immature macrophages) → found in resident tissue

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24
Q

Define: Macrophages

A

aka histiocytes (in skin)

ingest foreign matter

enhance lymphocyte activity

precursor → monocyte

phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms → activation of T cells and initiation of immune responses

resident

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25
Q

Define: Mast Cells

A

granules contain histamine/heparin

release chemotactic factors

single central nucleus → eosinophilic or basophilic granules

expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents

precursors mature in the spleen

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26
Q

Define: Plasma Cell

A

Mature B Cells

Make antibodies

comet shape

fully differentiated form of B cell that secretes antibodies

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27
Q

Define: Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (GALT)

A

Found in → oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines (peyer’s patch, appendix), rectum

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28
Q

Define: Peyer’s Patch

A

white lumps in illium

large number of small lymphatic nodules in one area

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29
Q

Diffuse vs. Nodules

A
  • both are the site of the initial immune response
  • components
    • diffuse → T/B cells travel to lymph nodes, mature, return to tissue
      • plasma cells, eosinophils
    • Nodules → concentrations of lymphocytes
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30
Q

Define: Primary Nodule

A

small lymphocytes

collection of unactivated small lymphocytes

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31
Q

Define: Secondary Nodule

A

lymphocytic proliferation in response to antigen produces larger cells that do not stain as darkly (germinal center)

differentiation of plasma cells

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32
Q

Define: Corona

A

darker staining rim

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33
Q

Bronchi-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (BALT)

A
  • found in the bronchial tree
    • trachea
    • bronchus (bronchi)
    • bronchioles (only larger ones)
    • not in the alveoli (dust cells)
  • Thick basement membrane → good barrier
34
Q

Respiratory Epithelium

A
  • Ciliated (C) → move bacteria away from lung
  • pseudo stratified → barrier
  • thick basement membrane (BM) → barrier
  • Goblet Cells (G) → capture bacteria
  • Highly Vascular (V) CT
35
Q

Immune System Drainage System

A

Extracellular (interstitial) fluid exits tissue and enters thin walled vessels called lymph vessels

36
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

filter lymph fluid

37
Q

Afferent

A

peripheral tissue to Lymph Nodes

pathogens from site of infection reach lymph nodes via lymphatics

38
Q

Efferent

A

Lymph Node to blood (exit)

lymphocytes and lymph return to the blood via lymphatics

39
Q

Define: Lymph Nodes

A

Filter Lymph to expose immune cells to non-self antigens not destroyed in peripheral tissue

encapsulated

40
Q

Lymph node circulation

A

into lymph node from afferent vessels

out of lymph node from efferent vessel (hilum)

high endothelial venule → taller than normal epithelium (cuboidal)

Lymph enters subcapsular sinus → travels through paratrabecular sinus to medulla

41
Q

Define: Lymph

A

protein with fluid

stains eosinophilic if retained

42
Q

Clearance of Lymph

A
  • cells in medulla recognize antigen and bind
    • T cells activated by dendritic cells
    • Plasma Cells activated by T cells
    • Macrophages kill bacteria
43
Q

Define: Hematopoiesis

A

Production of cells in the bone marrow

44
Q

Define: Small Lymphocyte

A

production of antibodies (B Cells) or cytotoxic and helper functions (T cells)

45
Q

Define: Dendritic Cell

A

Activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune response

46
Q

Define: Natural Killer Cell

A

Kills cells infected with certain viruses

47
Q

Define: Monocyte

A

circulating precursor cell to macrophage

in transit → becomes macrophage

48
Q

Define: Neutrophil

A

granulocyte

phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms

49
Q

Define: Eosinophl

A

granulocyte

killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents

50
Q

Define: Basophil

A

granulocyte

controlling immune responses to parasites

51
Q

Define: Megakaryocyte

A

platelet formation

wound repair

bone marrow only

52
Q

Define: Eryhtrocyte (RBC)

A

oxygen transport

no immune function

53
Q

Define: Lymphocytes

A
  • B Cells
    • mature into plasma cells
  • T cells
    • mature into T helper cells or cytotoxic/suppressor T Cells

can only differentiate with IHC

54
Q

Define: Granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
    • WBC; bacterial phagocytosis
  • Eosinophils
    • anti-parasitic WBC
  • Basophils
    • WBC; similar to mast cells
55
Q

Define: Leukocytes

A

in bone marrow

granulocytes

monocytes

56
Q

Thymus

A

medulla is continuous → light staining

cortex → lobules separated by trabecula → darker staining

57
Q

T cell maturation and quality control

A
  • differentiation begins in cortex of thymus
    • T cell receptor expression
    • CD4 and CD8 expression
  • In medulla, specialize:
    • express either CD4 or CD8
    • still express T cell
  • Tested for Function:
    • eliminate those that cannot function (positive selection)
    • eliminate those that recognize self (negative selection)
  • Managed by epithelioreticular cell (Hall monitors)
    • macrophages to digest failures
    • tag any cells that fail the selection process for destruction by macrophages
58
Q

What must be expressed for T cells to leave the cortex?

A

must express both CD4 and CD8

59
Q

What must be expressed for T cells to leave the medulla?

A

CD4 or CD8

only needs one

60
Q

What happens if the T cells don’t express the requirements to leave the cortex and medulla?

A

they will be killed by macrophages

61
Q

Define: Positive Selection

A

eliminate those who cannot function because they don’t properly express receptors

62
Q

Define: Negative Selection

A

eliminate those recognize self antigens

63
Q

Define: Epithelioreticular Cells

A

dendritic extend processes

keep an eye on T cells in thymus

64
Q

What is the function of T Cells?

A
  • only recognize epitopes bound to MHC
  • Responsible for cell-mediated immune response
    • CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
    • CD8+ suppressor T cells
  • T memory cells (anamnestic response)
    • rapid and intense secondary response
    • second dose → feel worse
  • Facilitate B cell response
  • CD4+ T Helper Cells
    • Produce cytokines
    • induce B cells to differentiate
65
Q

How do T cells kill?

A

release various products to promote cell death

66
Q

Define: Interleukins

A

like hormones but at the cellular level

Similar to growth factors, but immunological

Promote leukocyte growth and interactions

67
Q

Define: Interferons

A

Anti-proliferative and antiviral activities

stimulate cytolytic activity in NK cells. macrophages, and lymphocytes

68
Q

What are the primary functions of the spleen?

A
  • Cardiovascular (red pulp → blood)
    • Remove aging RBCs
      • destruction (macrophages)
      • iron recycling
    • Blood storage
  • Immune (white pulp→ immune cells)
    • T and B cell activation and proliferation (forms splenic nodule)
    • mast cell maturation and activation
    • monitor for blood-bourne antigens (also red pulp → macrophages and APCs)
69
Q

What is the function of B Cells?

A

formed in bone marrow

have surface immunoglobulins

express MHCII to present antigen to T helpers

promotes T helper formation (IL-12 production)

Proliferate during humoral response → B memory cells and plasma cells

facilitate amnestic response to humoral response

70
Q

Define: Antibodies

A

part of humoral response

Bind to particular epitope → recognized as antigen

produced by mature B cells (plasma cells)

71
Q

What are the 5 isotypes of antibodies?

A

IgG

IgM

IgA

IgE

IgB

72
Q

How do antibodies work?

A
  • bacterial toxins meet cell with receptors for toxin → antibody recognizes toxin and binds to it so it can’t bind to cell → phagocyte ingests and destroys toxin → toxin neutralized
  • Bacteria in EC space → opsonization → antibody bind to bacteria → phagocyte ingests and destroys toxin
  • Bacteria in EC space → opsonization → antibody recognizes and binds to bacteria + complement → phagocyte ingests and destroys toxin
73
Q

What is the major function of nodules?

A

immune surveillance of mucosa

74
Q

What are the characteristic features of nodules?

A

diffuse lymphatic tissue with nodules beneath epithelium

75
Q

What is the major function of nodes?

A

filter lymph

respond to antigens in lymph

76
Q

What are the characteristic features of nodes?

A

lymphatic sinuses

reticular meshwork

77
Q

What is the major function of the thymus?

A

develop immunocompetent T cells

78
Q

What are the characteristic features of the Thymus?

A

lobules

meshwork of epithelioreticular cells

hassall’s corpuscle

79
Q

What are the major functions of the spleen?

A

filter blood

remove old RBCs

respond to circulating antigens

80
Q

What are the characteristic features of the spleen?

A

White pulp → PALS, nodules with central artery

Red Pulp → cords and sinuses

Histo 1 (13 decks)

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