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Histo 1 > Introduction to Basic Tissue Types > Flashcards

Introduction to Basic Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissue types and their general function?

A

Epithelium (barrier)
Muscle (movement)
Nerve (information)
Connective Tissue (support)

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2
Q

What are the functions of the Epithelium?

A

Protection
absorption
excretion (also forms glands)
sensory reception
movement of materials

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3
Q

What are the functions of the Muscle Tissue?

A 
Specialized for movement
Sliding filaments (actin/myosin)
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4
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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5
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

blood vessels, GI tract

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6
Q

What are the features of Skeletal Muscle?

A

striations (horizontal lines)
syncytium (multinuclear mass of cells)
nuclei on periphery (pushed there by actin and myosin)

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7
Q

What are the features of Smooth Muscle?

A

No striations
Centrally-located nuclei

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8
Q

What are the features of Cardiac Muscle?

A

Striations
Centrally-located nuclei
Intercalated Disk (connects two cardiac muscles in sequence)

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9
Q

What are the functions of Nerve Tissue?

A

Specialized for signal transmission
Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord)
Peripheral Nervous System (ganglia and axons, [nerves])

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10
Q

What are the features of the brain?

A
  • Cortex (outer portion)
    • cell bodies
    • gray matter
  • Medulla (inner portion)
    • nerve fibers (myelinated)
    • white matter
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11
Q

What are the features of the Spinal Cord?

A
  • Gray Matter (medulla)
    • dorsal horn
    • ventral horn
  • Central canal (spinal fluid)
  • White matter (cortex)
  • Meninges (specialized connective tissue)
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12
Q

What are the features of Peripheral Nervous Tissue?

A

Axons (nerve fibers)

Schwann cells (make myelin sheath)

Fibroblasts

CCT

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13
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Primarily structural
  • often the stroma of organs
    • parenchyma is the functional tissue
  • includes cushioning CT found almost everywhere
  • cells organized in special extracellular matrix
  • classified based on ECM, not cells
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14
Q

What are the properties of Connective Tissue?

A
  • Cells
    • mostly fibroblasts and immune cells
    • other specialized cells for specific functions
  • Collagen (or collagen-based) fibers in a matrix
  • Matrix contains carbohydrate-based protein complexes that retain water
    • absorb force
    • maintain shape
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15
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A
  • Embryonic
    • mesenchymal or mucous
  • Adult
    • CT proper (collagenous/elastic)
    • Specialized
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16
Q

What are the features of proper adult CT (collagenous/elastic)?

A

Loose

dense irregular

dense regular

reticular (not elastic)

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17
Q

What are the features of specialized adult CT?

A

supporting (bond/cartilage)

adipose

blood

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18
Q

How does the epithelium function for protection?

A

Skin

has water barrier

protects from mechanical abrasion, chemicals, bacteria, etc.

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19
Q

What characteristics help epithelium act as a barrier?

A

Avascular

Free surface

CT associated with epithelium for supports is vascular

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20
Q

How can epithelium acting as a barrier vary?

A
  • specific transport vs. diffusion
  • single layer vs. multiple layers
  • moist vs. dry
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21
Q

Define: Apical

A

faces the free surface (head)

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22
Q

Define: Basal

A

the bottom (feet)

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23
Q

Define: Lateral

A

the sides

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24
Q

Is epithelium polar or nonpolar? why?

A

Epithelial cells are polar because their ends are different (one end is apical, the other is basal)

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25
Q

What are the functions of squamous epithelium?

A

allows diffusion and transport across the membrane

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26
Q

What are the functions of cuboidal cells?

A

act as a lining

some absorption and secretion

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27
Q

What are the functions of columnar cells?

A

specialized excretion and absorption

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28
Q

Define: Simple

A

one layer

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29
Q

Define: Stratified

A

multiple layers

name based on top layer

30
Q

What are the two exceptions to cell type naming?

A

Pseudostratified

Transitional

31
Q

Define: Pseudostartified

A

one layer, looks like 2+

cells look like they are in different layers but are on the same surface

columnar cells are next to basal cells not above or below

basal cells

32
Q

Define: transitional

A

stretches

cells can slide past one another making it look stratified

cells change shape depending on if it is stretched or not

umbrella (domed) cells

in urinary tract

33
Q

Define: Basement Membrane

A
  • Separates epithelium from underlying CT
  • Matrix of proteins and carbohydrates
  • Basal lamina
    • epithelially-derived
  • Lamina reticularis
    • CT-derived
34
Q

What are the functions of the basement membrane?

A
  • Structural Support
    • framework for cells to attach
  • Molecular Filter
    • additional barrier
  • Regulate migration of cells
    • immune cells → send out to epithelial cells
  • Regeneration (wound healing)
  • Regulation and signaling
35
Q

What are Apical Modifications?

A

Found on the free surface

used in nomenclature

strong functional relevance

36
Q

What are the three types of apical modifications?

A

Cilia (movement)

Microvilli (surface area)

Stereocilia (sensory)

37
Q

Define: Cilia

A

microtubule core

surrounded by plasma membrane

developed from basal bodies

9+2 arrangement

wispy structures

move material along the apical surface

38
Q

Define: Microvilli

A

actin core

anchor to terminal web (web of actin)

increase surface area of cell

tight

brush border

39
Q

Define: Stereocilia

A

actin core

long and branched

tend to clump

thin

used for detection with receptors

40
Q

What are Cell-Cell Junctions?

A

found in many tissue types

prominent and important in epithelial tissue b/c of its barrier function

attach and anchor cells (lateral/basal surface)

seal adjacent cell membranes

form channels between cells

support the barrier function of cells

41
Q

How are Cell-Cell Junctions seen in Light Microscopy?

A

not well

around the entire cell

terminal bar

42
Q

How are Cell-Cell Junctions seen on electron microscopy?

A
  • Higher resolution
  • Able to see:
    • Zonula occuldens (line)
    • Zonula adherens (line)
    • Macula adherens (spots)
43
Q

Define: tight Junctions

A

* define cell polarity

  • control the passage of substances between adjacent cells
  • have a belt like distribution like a ribbon internally bracing the cells and are associated with actin filaments
44
Q

Define: Zonula adherens/belt Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junction has a beltlike distribution and is associated with actin filaments

45
Q

Define: Macula adherens/spot desmosome

A

Anchoring junction has a spotlike distribution and is associated with intermediate filaments

46
Q

Define: Hemidesmosome

A

link the basal domain of an epithelial cell to the basal lamina

intermediate filaments are associated with a plaque

47
Q

Define: Gap/communicating junctions

A

Connect functionally two adjacent cells

A gap junction is formed by connexons, channel-like structures that enable the passage of small molecules (~1.3 kd) between cells

48
Q

What are zonula occludens?

A
  • tight junctions
  • most apical
  • helps maintain cell polarity
  • intracellular diffusion barrier
    • stops things from migrating between cells
    • involved in intracellular signaling
49
Q

What are PDZ Domain Proteins?

A

recognize internal elements of junctions to initiate cell signaling pathways

50
Q

What is the ZO-1 protein?

A

tumor suppressor

51
Q

What is the ZO-2 protein?

A

epidermal GF signaling

52
Q

what is the ZO-1,3 proteins?

A

attach to actin

mediate actin binding

53
Q

Define: Anchoring Junctions

A

Include Zonula Adherens and Macula Adherens (desmosomes)

Mechanical stability by linking cytoskeleton of neighboring cells

Found laterally and basally

Structural integrity of epithelium

participate in intra- and intercellular signalling

54
Q

Define: Cadherins

A

anchoring proteins

calcium-dependent transmembrane proteins

bind microfilaments through catenins

maintain epithelial continuity

main adhesion proteins holding epithelial cells together in a sheet arrangement

the removal of calcium disrupts tissue cohesiveness

55
Q

Define: Integrins

A
  • Consist of two subunits
  • have dual function:
    • bind to extracellular matrix
    • bind to internal cytoskeleton
  • not calcium dependent
56
Q

Define: Gap junctions

A
  • Lateral Surface
  • Made up of connexons
  • create pores between cells for communication
  • create continuity between cells
    • electrical (ions)
    • Metabolic (glucose and other small carbons)
57
Q

How is a connexon created?

A

six connexin monomers assemble to form a hexameric connexon

58
Q

What are the features of epithelial glands?

A
  • grow down into connective tissue
  • secrete:
    • lubrication
    • modifiy pH
    • enzymes (digestion)
  • exocrine (duct) → has an exit
  • endocrine (no duct) → released within tissue and usually surrounded by alot of blood vessels
59
Q

Define: Exocrine gland

A

a gland product is released onto the surface

has an exit

60
Q

Define: Endocrine gland

A

A gland product is released into the blood

61
Q

How are glands classified?

A
  • unicellular vs. multicellular
  • duct branching
  • secretory unit shape
  • type of secretion
  • mode of secretion
62
Q

What is an example of unicellular glands?

A

goblet cells

mucous cup on apical surface with stem

extracellular gel containing water and glycoproteins

63
Q

What is an example of multicellular glands?

A

sweat glands

64
Q

Gland Classification: Duct Branching

A

Simple (no branching)

Compound (branches)

65
Q

Gland Classification: Secretory Unit Shape

A

Tubular (tube shaped)

Acinar (ball shaped)

Tubuloacinar (ball and tube shaped)

66
Q

Gland Classification: Types of Secretion

A

Serous (protein, water)

Mucous (Mucin/Lipid-Based)

Mixed

67
Q

Gland Classification: Mode of Secretion

A

Merocrine

Apocrine

Holocrine

68
Q

Define: Merocrine Secretion

A

Vesicles fuse with apical surface to excrete contents

most common

basically exocytosis

causes a net addition to plasma membrane

69
Q

Define: Aprocrine Secretion

A

product released from apical surface is surrounded by cytoplasm and plasma membrane

vesicle is pinched off around lipid

often partners with merocrine secretion (milk production)

70
Q

Define: Holocrine Secretion

A

Secretory cell dies, cell explodes and releases contents

whole cell is secreted

Histo 1 (13 decks)

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