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Histo 1 > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What type of CT is bone/cartilage?

A

specialized

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2
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Primarily Structural
often the stroma of organs
includes cushioning CT found almost everywhere
cells organized in specialized ECM
classified based on ECM

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3
Q

Properties of Connective Tissue

A

Cells → mostly fibroblasts and immune cells; other specialized cells for specific function

Collagen (or collagen-based) fibers in a matrix

Matrix contains carbohydrates-based protein complexes that retain water → absorb force, maintain shape

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4
Q

Cell types that make collagen

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Reticular cell
  • smooth muscle cells
  • epithelial cells
  • equivalents
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5
Q

Cartilage Basics

A
  • Avascular Tissues
  • Structural Support (absorb stress)
  • fibrous matrix more rigid than other CT → less rigid than bone
  • water content
    • proteoglycans and other glycoproteins retain water
    • water has limited compressibility
    • provides flexibility and resiliency, diffusion
  • collagen fibers provide tensile strength
  • elastic fibers allow the collagen to regain original shape
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6
Q

Define: Chondrocytes

A

Mature cells

same progenitor as fibroblasts

produce collagen and other parts of cartilage matrix → proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins

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7
Q

Define: Territorial Matrix

A

matrix around cell

stains darker

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8
Q

Define: Interterritorial Matrix

A

matrix between cells

stains lighter

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9
Q

Cartilage Development

A

From mesenchyme

progenitor cells differentiate to chondroblasts

chondroblasts produce matrix

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10
Q

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

A

Appositional

Interstitial

no exclusive (both may occur in same cartilage)

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11
Q

Define: Appositional Cartilage growth

A

new cartilage forms at the surface of existing cartilage

cartilage added from outer edges

chondroblasts in perichondrium

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12
Q

Define: Interstitial Cartilage Growth

A

new cartilage forms within existing cartilage

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13
Q

Cartilage Growth

A
  • Matrix surrounds chondroblast
    • fully surrounded → chondrocyte
  • Newer matrix
    • territorial matrix → stains darker
  • Interstitial Growth
    • chondroblasts in middle of cartilage divide mitotically
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14
Q

3 Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

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15
Q

What is found in all three types of cartilage?

A

chondrocytes in lacunae

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16
Q

Identifying Cartilage: Fibrocartilage

A

visible fibers; no perichondrium

associated with dense CT

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17
Q

Identifying Cartilage: Elastic Cartilage

A

elastic stain; perichondrium

similar to (and often continuous with) hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

Identifying Cartilage: Hyaline Cartilage

A

Glassy appearance; perichondrium

high proteoglycan content

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19
Q

Where is Hyaline Cartilage found?

A

fetal skeletal tissue, epiphyseal plates, articular surface, respiratory system

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20
Q

Major features of Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • avascular
  • surrounded by perichondrium
  • high water content makes matrix glassy
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21
Q

Function of the Hyaline Matrix

A

Provides low friction, smooth surface

participates in lubricating synovial joints

distributes applied forces to the underlying bone

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22
Q

Components of Hyaline Matrix

A

collagen (mostly type II)

proteoglycan aggregates

chondrocytes

water

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23
Q

Ground Substance

A

Water and salts (primary cation is sodium)

complex carbohydrates (water retention)

proteoglycans (water retention)

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24
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

external ear

epiglottis

larynx (auditory tube)

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25
Q

Define: Elastic cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage with elastic fibers

avascular

surrounded by perichondrium

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26
Q

Elastic Cartilage Matrix Function

A

provides low friction, smooth surface

participates in lubricating synovial joints

distributes applied forces to the underlying bone

can stretch and regain original shape (less prone to breaking)

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27
Q

Components of Elastic Cartilage Matrix

A

collagen (mostly type II)

elastic fibers and lamellae

proteoglycan aggregates

chondrocytes

water

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28
Q

What is the difference between Elastic and Hyaline Cartilage?

A

presence of elastic fibers in elastic cartilage and not in Hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

tendon-bone junction

intervertebral discs

menisci (knee)

etc.

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30
Q

Features of Fibrocartilage

A

fewer proteoglycans, more collagen fibers

often associated with dense regular CT

avascular

lacks a perichondrium

chondrocytes and fibroblasts surrounded by type I collagen

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31
Q

Function of Fibrocartilage Matrix

A

resistance to compression, shear stress

less likely to deform

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32
Q

Components of fibrocartilage matrix

A

collagen (type I and II)

proteoglycan aggregates

chondrocytes (isogenous rows)

fibroblasts

Water

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33
Q

What is the difference between fibrocartilage and dense regular CT?

A

Dense regular CT → cells have no lacunae

Fibrocartilage → cells have a lacunae, cells lined up

34
Q

What is the structure of long bones?

A
  • contain 3 parts:
    • epiphysis
    • metaphysis
    • diaphysis
35
Q

Define: Periosteum

A

fibrous CT

inner layer of osteoblasts

36
Q

Define: Endosteum (osteoblasts)

A

marrow cavity

37
Q

Define: Articular Surface

A

where two bones that move in apposition meet

38
Q

Structural Function of Bone

A

protects internal organs

mechanical movements (w/ skeletal muscle)

39
Q

Metabolic function of Bone

A
  • Hematopoiesis (blood cell production in marrow)
  • calcium/phosphate storage
  • regulated by hormones
    • amount of hormone released depends on blood calcium levels
40
Q

Bone Basics: ECM: Bone Matrix

A

collagen and hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate)

proteoglycans and glycoproteins

growth factors

cytokines

41
Q

Bone Basics: Cells

A

Osteoblasts → not surrounded by matrix

Osteocytes → surrounded by matrix

Osteoclasts → cleaves bone matrix to free up Ca and Phosphate

42
Q

Types of Bone: Macroscopic

A

Compact bone

cancellous bone

43
Q

Define: Compact Bone

A

Dense, continuous

outer layer

44
Q

Define: Cancellous Bone

A

spongy bone

network of trabeculae

interior of bones

surrounded by marrow

45
Q

Types of Bone: Microscopic

A

Woven

Lamellar

46
Q

Define: Woven Bone

A

immature

developing

not as organized

47
Q

Define: Lamellar Bone

A

Mature

visible layers

48
Q

Define: Circumferential Lamellae

A

Goes around entire circumference of long bone

49
Q

Define: Haversian Canals

A

run parallel to long axis

50
Q

Define: Volkman’s Canals

A

perforating canal

connect HC

51
Q

Define: Canaliculi

A

connect osteocytes to one another or to HC/VC

52
Q

Define: Osteons

A

chief structural unit of compact bone

degraded and reformed in regular manner

53
Q

Define: Interstitial Lamellae

A

remnants of old osteons

54
Q

Define: Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

line marrow cavity

differentiate into osteoblasts

55
Q

Define: Osteoblast

A

line marrow cavity; deposit matrix

active cells

produce collagen (I)

lay down hydroxyapatite matrix

become encased in matrix (osteocytes)

56
Q

Define: Bone-lining cells

A

inactive osteoblasts

cover static bone

57
Q

Define: osteocytes

A

mature bone cell; maintain matrix

encased in matrix

located in lacuna

extends processes through canaliculi

58
Q

Define: Osteoclasts

A

phagocytic bone cell; bone resorption

large multinucleate cells

lie in howship’s lacuna on surface

degrade matrix by releasing enzyme

have small projections to absorb degraded matrix

59
Q

Bone Mineralization

A
  • increase local calcium, phosphate concentrations
    • osteocalcin binds calcium
    • osteoblasts secrete alkaline phosphatase, which increases local phosphate
  • Secretion of vesicles that accumulate additional calcium and phosphate
  • increase in local isoelectrical point crystallizes CaPO4
  • Additional crystallization into hydroxyapatite crystals

initial deposit called osteoid (less mineralized) → stains more lightly than fully mineralized matrix

60
Q

Two Methods of Bone Development

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

61
Q

Define: Intramembranous Ossification

A

similar cartilage

mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts

osteoblasts lay down matrix

62
Q

Define: Endochondral Ossification

A
  • Long bone development
  • from hyaline cartilage template
  • Multiple steps:
    • Proliferation
    • Hypertrophy
    • Calcification
    • Resorption
63
Q

Endochondral Ossification: Proliferation

A

Increase number of cells

64
Q

Endochondral Ossification: Hypertrophy

A

Increase size of cells

65
Q

Endochondral Ossification: Resorption

A

replace cartilage and lay down bone matrix

66
Q

Endochondral Ossification: Calcification

A

Matrix Darkens

67
Q

Bone remodeling

A

bone is not static

  • osteoclasts bore through tissue
  • osteoblasts lay down new matrix (osteoid)
  • lamellae reach minimum circumference
  • Haversian canal is lined by bone-lining cells (endosteal cells)
68
Q

What are the two types of synoviocytes in Synovial Membrane?

A

Phagocytic

Productive

69
Q

Synovial Membrane: Synoviocytes: Phagocytic

A

digests debris “clean up” in synovial fluid

70
Q

Synovial Membrane: Synoviocytes: Productive

A

makes synovial fluid

71
Q

Contents of synovial fluid

A

hyaluronan → important for cushioning

lubricin

nutrients (including oxygen)

72
Q

Function of Synovial Fluid

A

cushioning impact

lubrication of the articular cartilage

support of the articular cartilage

73
Q

Bone Breaks

A
  • bone breaks
  • blood clot forms
  • soft callus formation → granulation tissue and fibrocartilage form
  • sponge bone fills
  • bone remodeling → new compact bone
74
Q

Blast vs. Cyte

A

Blast Builds

Cyte is Surrounded (Cyte sits)

Clasts cleave

75
Q

Blast v. Cyte: Chondroblast/Osteoblast

A

lay down new matrix

build up tissue

76
Q

Blast v. Cyte: Chondrocyte/Osteocyte

A

maintain tissue

surrounded by matrix

77
Q

Both cartilage and bone have cells in…

A

lacuna

78
Q

Cartilage is support without…

A

rigidity

collagen fibers in substantial water-based solid matrix

79
Q

Bone is more __ that cartilage, but still has some flexibility

A

rigid

80
Q

bone ___ constantly, and can heal from __. Cartilage is __ in both respects.

A

bone remodels constantly, and can heal from breaks. Cartilage is limited in both respects.

Histo 1 (13 decks)

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