Skeletal and Smooth Muscle Flashcards
Muscle Tissue
Specialized for movement
Sliding Filaments (actin/myosin)
- 3 types
- skeletal
- smooth → found in blood vessels, GI Tract
- cardiac → heart only
Define: Orientation
organization of fibers (tissues) (structures with longitudinal and lateral axes) relative to organ with longitudinal and lateral axes
Define: Sectioning
How structure with longitudinal and lateral axes was cut
Types of Sectioning
Longitudinal → cut length wise
oblique → angle cut
circular → through
Sectioning vs. Orientation: Smooth Muscle
Cells longer than they are wide
Left → longitudinal section
Right → transverse section
IC → oriented circularly
OL → oriented longitudinally
How was the tissue cut?
Longitudinal
Movement of muscles
sliding filaments of actin and myosin
Arrangement of fibers: Skeletal/Cardiac
Lined up to form striations
Arrangement of fibers: Smooth
No regular arrangement → no striations
Globular Actin
polymerizes to filamentous actin
Actin Filaments
thin cytoskeletal structures known as microfilaments
Bundles of Actin Filaments
- form large stress fibers
- visible on light microscopy
- important in cells that resist shear stress
Actin-binding proteins (ABP)
Regulate microfilament function (e.g. junctions)
Include motor protein myosin
Define: Myosin
motor protein with actin and ATP binding sites
Myosin Filament Orientation
Striated
Smooth
Sliding Filaments
- Ca2+ binds to troponin
- moves it out of the way (shifts)
- ATP binds to myosin
- detaches it from actin
- ATP cleaved to ADP
- draws myosin head up and back
- Myosin head drops down
- Myosin attaches to actin
- pulls actin filaments
- ADP Detaches
- ATP binds again
Energy Dependent Process
How filaments generate force
actin and myosin must be connected to membrane for whole cell to contract
Skeletal Muscle Structure
- Muscle fiber is a syncytium (multicellular/multinuclear)
- Bundles of filaments (fibrils) in the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)
- Mitochondria between
- SR (Ca storgae) net to T tubules (activate Ca release in cells)
- Z line: a-actinin → helps anchor to sarcolemma
- I band: actin and motor proteins
- A band: I band plus myosin
- H band: C protein
Syncytium Formation
- Embryonic myoblasts due to form myotube
- plasma membrane (sarcolemma)
- surround by basal lamina and satellite cells
- Finger-like sarcolemma processes
- T-tubules
- extend into sarcoplasm
- connect with SR
- Sarcoplasm filled with myofibrils
- surrounded by mitochondria
- composed of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) myofilaments
Skeletal Muscle Syncytium Histology
Skeletal Muscle: Myofibril Structure
Sarcomere
Z-line to Z-line
Skeletal Muscle Histology
Skeletal Muscle Organization
Myofilaments → myofibril → single muscle fiber/cell → fascicle → muscle
Skeletal Muscle: Endomysium
envelopes each muscle cell
Skeletal Muscle: Perimysium
surrounds each fascicle
Skeletal Muscle: Epimysium
surrounds the entire muscle formed by groups of fascicles
Neuromuscular Junction
Skeletal Muscle: Initiation of Contraction
ACh initiates depolarization → Ca2+ channels open and release Ca2+ → Ca2+ binds troponin C → initiates contraction → Ca2+-dependent ATPase mediates return of Ca2+ to SR
Skeletal Muscle Histology: Orientation/Sectioning
Muscle Spindle
propioceptive mechanoreceptor
contributes to reflex
Muscle Spindle Histology
Smooth Muscle Cells
Fusiform Nucleus
Thick in the middle. thin on the ends
Smooth Muscle Histology
Smooth Muscle: Initiation of Contraction
- Ca2+ from outside the cell
- Responsive to nerve, hormone, or stretch stimulation
- Phosphorylation of Myosin II light chain initiates movement
- by MLCK
- MLCK activated by calmodulin
- Calmodulin only active when Ca2+ bound
Smooth Muscle: Structural Changes
Smooth Muscle Cell Histology: Contracted
Skeletal v. Smooth Muscle