Cardiovascular System - Blood Flashcards
Define: Connective Tissue
primarily structural
often the stroma of organs
includes cushioning CT found almost everywhere
cells organized in specialized extracellular matrix
classified based on ECM, not cells
Define: Blood
specialized CT (transportation)
participates in metabolism and immune system function
made up of plasma and cells
unique ECM and cells → no fibroblasts or collagen fibers
What are the 2 components of blood?
plasma (specialized ECM) → fluid
cells specialized for → immune function (WBCs) and transport (RBCs)
Define: Plasma
- Aqueous solution that reflects composition of extracellular fluid
- 8-10% specific components
- nutrients
- hormones
- nitrogenous waste products
- inorganic ions (electrolytes)
- proteins (7%)
What is the major protein in plasma?
Albumin
Plasma Proteins
- Albumin (most common)
- produced in liver
- maintains osmotic pressure
- alpha and beta globulins
- transport, coagulation, lipoproteins
- gama globulins (antibodies)
- complement proteins (immune function)
- bacterial recognition
- Fibrinogen (coagulation)
- molecule patch
Method for creating a Peripheral Blood Smear
Blood sample taken from periphery
spread on slide using another slide
Define: Hematopoiesis
Major blood cells all derived from progenitors found in bone marrow
cells that transit to peripheral tissues are…
not always mature
monocyte → immature macrophages in blood → matures when it gets to tissues
Define: Bone Marrow
Site of Hematopoiesis
Contains Sinusoidal Capillaries
in between spongy bone in long bones
Ratio of adipose cells to hematopoetic cells ___ with age
increases with age
increase age → increase adipose cell number → decrease hematopoetic cells
Marrow changes with…
age
younger → red marrow
older → yellow marrow
changes from red to yellow with age
What is the common ancestor of all blood cells?
Hematopoietic Stem Cell
What blood cells are also found in the lamina propria?
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast Cell
Macrophage
Plasma Cell
What blood cells are only found in bone marrow?
Megakaryocyte
Hematopoietic Stem Cell
What blood cells are only found in bone?
osteoclasts
Define: Mast Cells
granules contain histamine/heparin
release chemotactic factors
eosinophilic and basophilic
not usually in blood
single, fairly centered nucleus, oval to round
Define: Eosinophil
anti-parasitic WBC
eosinophilic granules
Define: Basophils
WBC
similar to mast cells
rare in blood
basophilic granules
Define: Neutrophils
WBC
bacterial phagocytosis
neutral granules
Define: Macrophages
aka histiocytes
ingest foreign matter
enhance lymphocyte activity
Define: Leukocytes
- White Blood Cells
- Immune cells
- lymphocytes (agranulocytes)
- monocytes (agranulocytes)
- eosinophils (granulocytes)
- basophils (granulocytes)
- neutrophils (granulocytes)
buffy coat
Define: Lymphocytes
agranulocytes
T cells, B cells, Null Cells → must be immunostained to distinguish
similar size to RBCs → very little visible cytoplasm
Define: Monocytes
- Agranulocytes
- circulating macrophages
- Become resident → macrophages
- liver → kupffer cells
- Bone → osteoclast
- Brain → microglia
- Lung → Dust Cells
- haver an indent
Define: Eosinophils
- bilobed nucleus with eosinophilic granules
- antiparasitic granulocytes
- removes antibody: antigen complexes
Eosinophilic granules contain…
proteases
RNAse
Phosphatase
Lipase
effective for removal of parasites
Define: Basophils
- Multilobed nucleus with basophilic granules
- granulocytes
- similar to mast cells
- arachidonic acid derivatives
- least common WBC
Basophilic granules contain….
Eosinophilic chemotactic factor
histamine
heparin
peroxidase
Define: Neutrophils
Multilobed nucleus with neutral granules
Granulocytes
Bacteria Phagocytosis
Neutrophil specific granules contain…
Phosphatase
collagenase
lysozyme
non-enzymatic antibacterial basic proteins
associated with destruction of bacteria
Define: Neutrophil Band Cells
visible in marrow
found in clusters with other pre-neutrophils
neutrophils are made in waves
slightly immature
neutrophil with horseshoe nucleus
What inhibits the production of neutrophil band cells to mature neutrophils?
the presence of mature neutrophils
What are the Non-Immune formed elements of the blood?
Erythrocytes → RBCs → had nucleus, lost it
Thrombocytes → platelets → never had nucleus
Define: Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- 45% of blood
- Flexible biconcave disks
- Filled with hemoglobin
- Iron containing protein
- Binds oxygen and CO2 reversibly
What is the function of the biconcave shape of RBCs?
Large surface → volume ratio
facilitates gas exchange
can fold to pass through small capillaries
Why are you able to use Human RBCs as a ruler?
it has a regular diameter of 7.8 microns
RBC Membrane Skeleton
Integral membrane proteins → give blood type → glycophorin C and band 3
bind to cytoskeleton through complexes
matrix of spectrin forms a lattice → attach to actin skeleton
Define: ABO
Glycoprotein/glycolipid complexes attached to glycophorins and band 3 integral membrane proteins
everyone makes the O version; A and B are specific
Define: Rh(esus) system
Rh30 polypeptide is an antigen
Transmembrane protein
Express it (positive; O+, A+, etc.) or not (negative. O-, A-, etc.)
What is type is the universal blood donor?
O neg
Define: Thrombocytes (Platelet)
cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes from the bone marrow
no nucleus
store glycogen
destroyed once used
blood clotting
Platelet Production
from megakaryocytes
cytoplasm of megakaryocytes is gradually broken down and converted into platelets
the multilobed nucleus is phagocytose by macrophages
Blood Clot
Platelets
Fibrin Polymers
Clotting Factors
Can Contract to allow blood flow
Define: Fibrin Polymers
produced by liver as fibrinogen
cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin
polymerizes to form clot
degraded by plasmin
whole process occurs in the blood
___ allows aggregation at sites of endothelial damage
Collagen-binding
Platelets release factors that….
promote further aggregation
initiate the coagulation cascade, producing a fibrin polymer when combined with plasma proteins and endothelial factors
releases enzymes that promote clot removal with plasmin (endothelial/plasma generated)
Define: Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- use automated blood cell counters
- flow cytometry-based methods
- count approximately 10,000 cells of each type
- count all types of cell present
- based on type of cell is diagnostic
Define: WBC Test
Leukocyte count
measures total leukocytes
When is Leukocyte count increased?
inflammation, stress, labor
When is Leukocyte count decreased?
cancer treatment, autoimmune disease, HIV/AIDS
Define: WBC Differential Test
Leukocyte Types
measures relative numbers
Define: RBC Count Test
Erythrocyte count
measures total erythrocytes
When is Erythrocyte count increased?
high altitude (Low O2), cancer, genetics
When is Erythrocyte count decreased?
anemia (blood loss, iron deficiency, pregnancy)
Define: Hematocrit test
measures RBC
Define: HgB Test
Hemoglobin
measures oxygen capacity
increased and decreased as RBC count
Define: Erythrocyte Indices Test
measures size and hemoglobin/cell
Define: Platelets Test
measures thromocytes
When would platelet counts be increased?
inflammation, splenectomy
When would platelet count be decreased?
use/lysis
Identify the Cell Type: Cell is not nucleated and not fragmented
Erythrocyte → RBC
Identify the Cell Type: Cell is not nucleated but is fragmented
Platelet
Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, has no granules and no visible cytoplasm
Lymphocyte
Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, has no granules, has visible cytoplasm
monocyte
Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, cell has granules → granules are not stained
Neutrophil
Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, cell has pink stained granules
eosinophil
Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, cell has blue stained granules
basophil
___ is a specialized form of CT containing cells in a specialized ECM called plasma
Blood
Plasma contains….
proteins important for transport, and ions at a similar concentration to interstitial fluid
WBCs (leukocytes) are immune cells traveling from…
their area of formation (bone marrow) to peripheral tissues
RBCs are ___ in mammals, and contain…
RBCs are anucleated in mammals, and contain hemoglobin to transport both oxygen and carbon dioxide
Platelets are…
cell fragments that participate in clotting (both formation and lysis of clots)
