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Histo 1 > Cardiovascular System - Blood > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Connective Tissue

A

primarily structural

often the stroma of organs

includes cushioning CT found almost everywhere

cells organized in specialized extracellular matrix

classified based on ECM, not cells

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2
Q

Define: Blood

A

specialized CT (transportation)

participates in metabolism and immune system function

made up of plasma and cells

unique ECM and cells → no fibroblasts or collagen fibers

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3
Q

What are the 2 components of blood?

A

plasma (specialized ECM) → fluid

cells specialized for → immune function (WBCs) and transport (RBCs)

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4
Q

Define: Plasma

A
  • Aqueous solution that reflects composition of extracellular fluid
  • 8-10% specific components
    • nutrients
    • hormones
    • nitrogenous waste products
    • inorganic ions (electrolytes)
    • proteins (7%)
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5
Q

What is the major protein in plasma?

A

Albumin

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6
Q

Plasma Proteins

A
  • Albumin (most common)
    • produced in liver
    • maintains osmotic pressure
  • alpha and beta globulins
    • transport, coagulation, lipoproteins
  • gama globulins (antibodies)
  • complement proteins (immune function)
    • bacterial recognition
  • Fibrinogen (coagulation)
    • molecule patch
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7
Q

Method for creating a Peripheral Blood Smear

A

Blood sample taken from periphery

spread on slide using another slide

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8
Q

Define: Hematopoiesis

A

Major blood cells all derived from progenitors found in bone marrow

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9
Q

cells that transit to peripheral tissues are…

A

not always mature

monocyte → immature macrophages in blood → matures when it gets to tissues

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10
Q

Define: Bone Marrow

A

Site of Hematopoiesis

Contains Sinusoidal Capillaries

in between spongy bone in long bones

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11
Q

Ratio of adipose cells to hematopoetic cells ___ with age

A

increases with age

increase age → increase adipose cell number → decrease hematopoetic cells

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12
Q

Marrow changes with…

A

age

younger → red marrow

older → yellow marrow

changes from red to yellow with age

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13
Q

What is the common ancestor of all blood cells?

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

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14
Q

What blood cells are also found in the lamina propria?

A

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Basophil

Mast Cell

Macrophage

Plasma Cell

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15
Q

What blood cells are only found in bone marrow?

A

Megakaryocyte

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

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16
Q

What blood cells are only found in bone?

A

osteoclasts

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17
Q

Define: Mast Cells

A

granules contain histamine/heparin

release chemotactic factors

eosinophilic and basophilic

not usually in blood

single, fairly centered nucleus, oval to round

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18
Q

Define: Eosinophil

A

anti-parasitic WBC

eosinophilic granules

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19
Q

Define: Basophils

A

WBC

similar to mast cells

rare in blood

basophilic granules

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20
Q

Define: Neutrophils

A

WBC

bacterial phagocytosis

neutral granules

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21
Q

Define: Macrophages

A

aka histiocytes

ingest foreign matter

enhance lymphocyte activity

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22
Q

Define: Leukocytes

A
  • White Blood Cells
  • Immune cells
    • lymphocytes (agranulocytes)
    • monocytes (agranulocytes)
    • eosinophils (granulocytes)
    • basophils (granulocytes)
    • neutrophils (granulocytes)

buffy coat

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23
Q

Define: Lymphocytes

A

agranulocytes

T cells, B cells, Null Cells → must be immunostained to distinguish

similar size to RBCs → very little visible cytoplasm

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24
Q

Define: Monocytes

A
  • Agranulocytes
  • circulating macrophages
  • Become resident → macrophages
    • liver → kupffer cells
    • Bone → osteoclast
    • Brain → microglia
    • Lung → Dust Cells
  • haver an indent
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25
Q

Define: Eosinophils

A
  • bilobed nucleus with eosinophilic granules
  • antiparasitic granulocytes
  • removes antibody: antigen complexes
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26
Q

Eosinophilic granules contain…

A

proteases

RNAse

Phosphatase

Lipase

effective for removal of parasites

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27
Q

Define: Basophils

A
  • Multilobed nucleus with basophilic granules
  • granulocytes
  • similar to mast cells
  • arachidonic acid derivatives
  • least common WBC
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28
Q

Basophilic granules contain….

A

Eosinophilic chemotactic factor

histamine

heparin

peroxidase

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29
Q

Define: Neutrophils

A

Multilobed nucleus with neutral granules

Granulocytes

Bacteria Phagocytosis

30
Q

Neutrophil specific granules contain…

A

Phosphatase

collagenase

lysozyme

non-enzymatic antibacterial basic proteins

associated with destruction of bacteria

31
Q

Define: Neutrophil Band Cells

A

visible in marrow

found in clusters with other pre-neutrophils

neutrophils are made in waves

slightly immature

neutrophil with horseshoe nucleus

32
Q

What inhibits the production of neutrophil band cells to mature neutrophils?

A

the presence of mature neutrophils

33
Q

What are the Non-Immune formed elements of the blood?

A

Erythrocytes → RBCs → had nucleus, lost it

Thrombocytes → platelets → never had nucleus

34
Q

Define: Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A
  • 45% of blood
  • Flexible biconcave disks
  • Filled with hemoglobin
    • Iron containing protein
    • Binds oxygen and CO2 reversibly
35
Q

What is the function of the biconcave shape of RBCs?

A

Large surface → volume ratio

facilitates gas exchange

can fold to pass through small capillaries

36
Q

Why are you able to use Human RBCs as a ruler?

A

it has a regular diameter of 7.8 microns

37
Q

RBC Membrane Skeleton

A

Integral membrane proteins → give blood type → glycophorin C and band 3

bind to cytoskeleton through complexes

matrix of spectrin forms a lattice → attach to actin skeleton

38
Q

Define: ABO

A

Glycoprotein/glycolipid complexes attached to glycophorins and band 3 integral membrane proteins

everyone makes the O version; A and B are specific

39
Q

Define: Rh(esus) system

A

Rh30 polypeptide is an antigen

Transmembrane protein

Express it (positive; O+, A+, etc.) or not (negative. O-, A-, etc.)

40
Q

What is type is the universal blood donor?

A

O neg

41
Q

Define: Thrombocytes (Platelet)

A

cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes from the bone marrow

no nucleus

store glycogen

destroyed once used

blood clotting

42
Q

Platelet Production

A

from megakaryocytes

cytoplasm of megakaryocytes is gradually broken down and converted into platelets

the multilobed nucleus is phagocytose by macrophages

43
Q

Blood Clot

A

Platelets

Fibrin Polymers

Clotting Factors

Can Contract to allow blood flow

44
Q

Define: Fibrin Polymers

A

produced by liver as fibrinogen

cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin

polymerizes to form clot

degraded by plasmin

whole process occurs in the blood

45
Q

___ allows aggregation at sites of endothelial damage

A

Collagen-binding

46
Q

Platelets release factors that….

A

promote further aggregation

initiate the coagulation cascade, producing a fibrin polymer when combined with plasma proteins and endothelial factors

releases enzymes that promote clot removal with plasmin (endothelial/plasma generated)

47
Q

Define: Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A
  • use automated blood cell counters
    • flow cytometry-based methods
    • count approximately 10,000 cells of each type
  • count all types of cell present
  • based on type of cell is diagnostic
48
Q

Define: WBC Test

A

Leukocyte count

measures total leukocytes

49
Q

When is Leukocyte count increased?

A

inflammation, stress, labor

50
Q

When is Leukocyte count decreased?

A

cancer treatment, autoimmune disease, HIV/AIDS

51
Q

Define: WBC Differential Test

A

Leukocyte Types

measures relative numbers

52
Q

Define: RBC Count Test

A

Erythrocyte count

measures total erythrocytes

53
Q

When is Erythrocyte count increased?

A

high altitude (Low O2), cancer, genetics

54
Q

When is Erythrocyte count decreased?

A

anemia (blood loss, iron deficiency, pregnancy)

55
Q

Define: Hematocrit test

A

measures RBC

56
Q

Define: HgB Test

A

Hemoglobin

measures oxygen capacity

increased and decreased as RBC count

57
Q

Define: Erythrocyte Indices Test

A

measures size and hemoglobin/cell

58
Q

Define: Platelets Test

A

measures thromocytes

59
Q

When would platelet counts be increased?

A

inflammation, splenectomy

60
Q

When would platelet count be decreased?

A

use/lysis

61
Q

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is not nucleated and not fragmented

A

Erythrocyte → RBC

62
Q

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is not nucleated but is fragmented

A

Platelet

63
Q

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, has no granules and no visible cytoplasm

A

Lymphocyte

64
Q

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, has no granules, has visible cytoplasm

A

monocyte

65
Q

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, cell has granules → granules are not stained

A

Neutrophil

66
Q

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, cell has pink stained granules

A

eosinophil

67
Q

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, cell has blue stained granules

A

basophil

68
Q

___ is a specialized form of CT containing cells in a specialized ECM called plasma

A

Blood

69
Q

Plasma contains….

A

proteins important for transport, and ions at a similar concentration to interstitial fluid

70
Q

WBCs (leukocytes) are immune cells traveling from…

A

their area of formation (bone marrow) to peripheral tissues

71
Q

RBCs are ___ in mammals, and contain…

A

RBCs are anucleated in mammals, and contain hemoglobin to transport both oxygen and carbon dioxide

72
Q

Platelets are…

A

cell fragments that participate in clotting (both formation and lysis of clots)

Histo 1 (13 decks)

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