The Papacy and Latin Christian violence, c.1071-1099 Flashcards
When was the college of cardinals that elected popes established?
1059
What was the power that popes claimed as Peter’s spiritual successor?
Petrine Authority
What was the conflict that erupted between papacy and German emperor?
Investiture
What was investiture about the control over the appointment of?
bishops
When did Henry IV resume appointing bishops to the anger of Gregory VII?
June 1075
Which archbishopric was the flashpoint for the papal and imperial conflict in 1075?
Milan
Which candidate did Henry IV successfully put forward as archbishop of Milan?
Tedald
Which candidate did Gregory VII unsuccessfully put forward as archbishop of Milan?
Atto
Where, in 1078, did Gregory VII forbid lay investiture?
Roman Synod
Where was Henry IV trapped between 1092 and 1097?
Verona
Who was recognised as a rival pope by Henry IV between 1080 and 1100?
Clement III
Who was pope between 1073 and 1085?
Gregory VII
Who was pope between 1086 and 1087?
Victor III
Who was pope between 1088 and 1099?
Urban II
When did Gregory VII offer to help Byzantium in response to Manzikert?
March 1074
Which mother of Henry IV did Gregory VII hope to recruit to aid Byzantium in 1074?
Agnes
Who did Gregory VII excommunicate in 1078 for usurping the Byzantine throne?
Nikephorus III
Which seized the Byzantine throne in 1081 and was excommunicated by Gregory VII?
Alexius I
Where did Henry IV beg barefoot for forgiveness in the snow for three days in January 1077?
Canossa
Which Norman leader did Gregory VII forge an alliance with?
Robert Guiscard
Which document, written by Gregory VII, laid out powers claimed by the papacy?
Dictatus Papae
What was the name given to laymen who fought on the pope’s behalf?
Milites Christi
Who was the most loyal supporter of Gregory VII in Italy?
Matilda of Tuscany
Who organised a papally backed expedition to Spain in 1073?
Ebles of Roucy
Which key city was captured from the Muslims in Spain in 1085?
Toledo
Which Spanish city did Urban II encourage Christians to rebuild?
Tarragona
Which ‘fanatical’ group revived Muslim power in Spain after 1087?
Almoravids
Where did Gregory VII die in exile in May 1085?
Salerno
Which event in 1064-65 had demonstrated the danger in Palestine?
Great German Pilgrimage
Which Muslim territory did the papacy support the Norman conquest of?
Sicily
What was an attempt to limit Christians from killing certain Christian people?
Peace of God
What was an attempt to limit Christians killing each other at certain times?
Truce of God
In what year was the Great Schism between Rome and Constantinople?
1054
What was the collective name given to the five ancient seats of Christian power?
Pentarchy
What was Ebles of Roucy accused of repeatedly plundering which casts doubt on his piety?
The Church
What was belief that saints acted as intercessors to God and that they existed in a hierarchy?
Cult of saints
What was a relic that had become holy through proximity to a saint?
Brandea
What was a relic that was literally a part of a saint and was usually the focus of pilgrimage?
Bodily relic
What was a desire to travel to holy places, the most important of which was Jerusalem?
Pilgrimage
What was an act to demonstrate that an individual was seeking forgiveness for their sins, possibly including pilgrimage?
Penance
When was the council of Clermont that launched the First Crusade?
November 1095
Which Muslim people posed the greatest threat to Byzantine Anatolia at this time?
Seljuk Turks
What was a promise made to crusaders that previous sins would be wiped clean if they took part?
Remittance of sins
What meant that Christians saw their actions as justified and holy rather than the sin of murder?
Sanctified violence
What was the clash between killing and sin that was solved by sanctified violence?
Knightly dilemma
What were natural phenomena ascribed to God giving direct instructions to undertake the crusade?
Signs and Wonders
Who was crusader motivated mostly by sincere religious devotion as he was already very wealthy?
Raymond of Toulouse
Who was a German count who led his ‘crusading’ forces in a pogrom against the Jews of the Rhineland?
Emicho
Who was a charismatic preacher and leader of the People’s crusade, he was religiously motivated?
Peter the Hermit
What was motivating factor can best be seen in the actions of Bohemond, Tancred and Baldwin on the First Crusade?
Economic greed
What was an increasingly common law that meant eldest sons inherited, leaving younger sons with very little?
Primogeniture
Which pope had first promised an indulgence to those who fought in Spain in 1063?
Alexander II
Who was the Norman Crusader hated by Alexius I, known for his bravery and skill, looking for land and wealth?
Bohemond
What was a motivating factor exploited by Urban II in his specific appeal to senior European nobles?
Feudal ties
Which social tie played an important role in the participation of crusader leaders like Baldwin and Tancred?
Kinship
Whose family had longstanding connections and friendship with the Byzantium and a history of pilgrimages?
Robert of Flanders
Who was a crusader motivated by social pressure from his wife and family?
Stephen of Blois
Who was close to Urban II and was sent to represent him as his papal legate on the First Crusade?
Bishop Adhemar
Which pope had asked the Normans to conquer Sicily from Muslims in the name of Christianity in 1059?
Nicholas II
Which Muslim city in North Africa was attacked by Genoa and Pisa in 1087?
Mahdia
Which pope supported the attack on Mahdia in 1087?
Victor III
Which Christian leader fought for Christian and Muslim states in Spain?
El Cid
Who led a papally-backed campaign to Spain to fight Muslims in 1073?
Ebles of Roucy
Who did the Normans use in their armies that casts doubt on their religious motivation?
Muslim soldiers
What did the Normans offer to the Muslims that they ruled in Sicily?
Religious freedom
Which Christian ruler of Leon had an alliance with the Muslim prince al-Qadir?
Alfonso VI
What did Alfonso VI accept from Muslim states to avoid attacking them?
Tribute
Which pope backed campaigns in Spain against Muslims in 1073, 1078 and 1080?
Gregory VII
Which pope launched the First Crusade as a form of Holy War in 1095?
Urban II
