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13F: Age of the Crusades, c. 1071-1149 > Byzantium and the Muslim Near East, c.1071-1099 > Flashcards

Byzantium and the Muslim Near East, c.1071-1099 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the Byzantine emperor at the beginning of 1071?

A

Romanos IV

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2
Q

Where did the Byzantine and Turkish forces clash in 1071?

A

Manzikert

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3
Q

When was the Battle of Manzikert?

A

August 1071

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4
Q

Who led the Seljuk Turks at Manzikert?

A

Alp Arslan

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5
Q

Who betrayed the emperor at Manzikert by leaving the emperor in jeopardy?

A

Andronikos Doukas

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6
Q

Which historian argues that the Byantines suffered no more than 8,000 casualties at Manzikert?

A

Markham

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7
Q

Which historian described Manzikert as the ‘most decisive disaster in Byzantine history’?

A

Runciman

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8
Q

Who replaced Romanus IV as emperor between 1071 and 1078?

A

Michael VII

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9
Q

Who led an uprising against the Byzantine emperor and replaced him in 1078?

A

Nikephorus III

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10
Q

Who led a coup against Nikephorus III in 1081 and ruled Byzantium until 1118?

A

Alexius I

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11
Q

Which group descended from Vikings conquered Byzantine southern Italy?

A

Normans

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12
Q

Which Byzantine city in southern Italy fell to the Normans in 1071?

A

Bari

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13
Q

Which Norman leader betrothed his daughter to the son of Michael VII’s son?

A

Robert Guiscard

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14
Q

When did the Normans invade the Byzantine territory of Epirus?

A

1081

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15
Q

At which major battle in 1081 was Alexius I heavily defeated by the Normans?

A

Dyrrachium

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16
Q

Which fierce nomadic group threatened the northern Byzantine lands in the 1080s?

A

Pechenegs

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17
Q

When did Alexius I pay off the Pechenegs with a large bribe?

A

1087

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18
Q

Which tribal group did Alexius I ally with to destroy the Pechenegs?

A

Cumans

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19
Q

When did Nicaea fall into the hands of the Selkuk leader Sulayman?

A

1078

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20
Q

Which city did Sulayman gain possession of in 1084-85?

A

Antioch

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21
Q

Which Turkish warlord captured Smyrna in the mid-1080s?

A

Caka

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22
Q

Which city did the Seljuk Abu l’Kasim capture in 1091?

A

Nicomedia

23
Q

What did Caka build that threatened the Byzantine islands and Constantinople?

A

Naval fleet

24
Q

Which Turkish leader did Alexius I forge a close alliance with in 1081?

A

Sulayman

25
Q

Where did Sulayman come to Alexius I’s rescue with 7,000 men in 1083?

A

Larissa

26
Q

When did Alexius I’s Seljuk ally Sulayman die?

A

1086

27
Q

Which Norman mercenary deserted and established his own independent lordship in 1073?

A

Roussel of Bailleul

28
Q

Which Armenian general deserted the Byzantines after Manzikert and took over Antioch in 1078?

A

Phileretus

29
Q

What was the sales tax that Alexius I exempted Venetian traders from in 1082?

A

Kommerkion

30
Q

What happened to the Byzantine coinage before 1092 that undermined economic confidence?

A

Debasement

31
Q

What new coinage did Alexius I create in 1092 to restore economic confidence?

A

Hyperpyron

32
Q

Which institution did Alexius I apologise to for taking its wealth to fund his wars?

A

Byzantine Church

33
Q

Which Patriarch of Constantinople did Alexius I forge a highly effective relationship with?

A

Nicholas III Grammatikos

34
Q

Which battle resulted in the annihilation of the Pechenegs in 1091?

A

Lebounion

35
Q

Which group was most frequently the target of warfare from the Seljuk Turks?

A

Fatimids

36
Q

Which territory was the focus for most conflict between Seljuks and Fatimids?

A

Levant

37
Q

What was the branch of Islam that the Fatimids belonged to?

A

Isma’ili Shia

38
Q

What was the branch if Islam that the Seljuk Turks had converted to?

A

Sunni

39
Q

Who did the Fatimids wish to depose and the Seljuks theoretically support?

A

Abbasid caliph

40
Q

Which group of entirely nomadic Turks were often allies of the Seljuks?

A

Turcomans

41
Q

Which Turkish leader established territories that would become the sultanate of Rum?

A

Sulayman

42
Q

Which group of Seljuk Turks established themselves in north-eastern Anatolia?

A

Danishmends

43
Q

Which Turkish warlord established an independent lordship based around Smyrna?

A

Caka

44
Q

Which Turkish leader was fighting the Danishmends when the crusaders attacked Nicaea in 1097?

A

Kilij Arslan

45
Q

Which city did Ridwan of Aleppo and Duqaq of Damascus compete to take from the crusaders?

A

Antioch

46
Q

Which city had the Fatimids recently recaptured from the Seljuks when the crusaders arrived?

A

Jerusalem

47
Q

When was Nizam al-Mulk, de facto ruler of the Seljuk Empire, murdered?

A

1092

48
Q

Which Seljuk Sultan died in 1092 after a successful twenty year reign?

A

Malik Shah

49
Q

Which long reigning Fatimid caliph died in 1094?

A

al-Mustansir

50
Q

Which key Fatimid adviser and vizier died in 1094?

A

Badr al-Jamali

51
Q

Who was the Abbasid caliph that died in 1094?

A

al-Muqtadi

52
Q

Who competed with his brother Musta’li for the Fatimid throne in 1094?

A

Nizar

53
Q

Whose death in 1095 led to Syria being divided between his two sons?

A

Tutush I

54
Q

Who was unable to defeat the crusaders at Antioch due to internal army divisions?

A

Kerbogha

13F: Age of the Crusades, c. 1071-1149 (12 decks)

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